Learning a third language: what learner strategies do
bilingual students bring?
MICHAEL GRENFELL and VEE HARRIS
This article seeks to develop the research agenda of multilingualism and multicompetence
by bringing together three research fields and their related methodologies: bilingualism,
third language acquisition and language learner strategies. After a brief introduction to
each area, it describes a study to explore whether bilingual adolescent students learning
French in two London schools outperform their monolingual peers in reading and listen-
ing comprehension. The significant difference in bilinguals students’ listening compre-
hension test scores leads to in-depth analysis of qualitative data of three case study
students in order to identify the differential features involved in the interaction of the lan-
guages. It appears that their greater use of oral/aural strategies is developed through the
home environment; code-switching in the parental input fostering the development of the
strategies. The article concludes with implications for pedagogy and for research.
Keywords: learner strategies; bilingualism; trilingualism; modern languages
Introduction
Over half of the world’s population use two languages on a daily basis
(see Grosjean, 1999). In the UK, it is estimated that 26% of the students
in maintained primary schools and 22% in secondary schools belong to a
minority ethnic group (Department for Education, 2011a). Many of these
students could be described as ‘bilingual’ if the definition encompasses
operating on a day-to-day basis at home or in the community in two
languages. Long-term academic benefits of bilingualism have been
demonstrated in the USA (Thomas & Collier, 2002), Canada (Swain,
1998) and elsewhere. Hence Genesee, Lindholm-Leary, Saunders, and
Christian (2006) and August and Shanahan (2006) are amongst many
who present strong arguments for bilingual education to support the
Michael Grenfell, The Southampton School of Education, University of Southampton,
Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; e-mail: Grenfell@soton.ac.uk. He is a visiting
professor at University of Southampton, England and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
where he was the 1904 chair of Education and head of School. His background is in
French Studies and he has a long research association in areas including education, lan-
guage, and linguistics and cultural studies. He has some 16 authored books to his names
as well as numerous journal articles dealing with second language acquisition, education,
and the work of the French social theorist Pierre Bourdieu.
Vee Harris, Department of Education, Goldsmiths College, University of London,
New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK. She was a senior lecturer in Modern Languages in
Education at Goldsmiths, University of London. She has published books and articles,
mainly on language learner strategies, based on projects carried out in the classroom in
collaboration with the teachers. Although she is now semi-retired, she continues to take
an active interest in the acquisition of languages.
© 2015 Taylor & Francis
J. CURRICULUM STUDIES, 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2015.1033465