See, for example, Jean Longère, La prédication médiévale (Paris: Études augustiennes, 1983), 1 and Marianne G. Briscoe, ‘Artes prædicandi’, in Marianne G. Briscoe and Barbara H. Jaye, Artes Praedicandi, Artes Orandi, Typologie des Sources du Moyen Âge, fasc. 61 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991), pp. 1–76. In her works Birgitta underlined the importance of preaching clearly and criticized 2 complicated sermons that the listener had difficulty following (see quotation). However, she also recognized that audiences may not want to hear what was being preached (see Liber VI, 4, 3 in Sancta Birgitta Revelaciones Book VI, ed. by Birger Bergh, Samlingar utgivna av Svenska fornskriftssällskapet, Andra Serien, Latinska Skrifter, 7.6 (Uppsala: Svenska fornskriftsällskapet, 1991), p. 62). Cf. Peter the Chanter, ‘Contra curiosos predicatores et sermonum politores’, in Petri Cantoris Parisiensis Verbvm adbreviatvm: Textus conflatus, I, 7, ed. by Monique Boutry, CCCM, 196 (2004), pp. 45–54. See also Monica Hedlund, ‘Vadstenapredikanter om Birgitta’, in Heliga Birgitta — budskapet och förebilden: Föredrag vid jubileumssymposiet i Vadstena 3–7 oktober 1991, ed. by Alf Härdelin and Mereth Lindgren, Kungliga Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademiens Handlingar: Konferenser, 28 (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1993), pp. 311–27; Roger Andersson, De birgittinska ordensprästerna som traditionsförmedlare och folkfostrare, Runica et Mediævalia, Scripta minora, 4 (Stockholm: Sällskapet Runica et Mediævalia, L ANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES IN S OME MEDIEVAL VERNACULAR S CANDINAVIAN S ERMONS Jonathan Adams I. The Art of Language in Preaching Theory T hroughout the Middle Ages we find recommendations, instructions, and various calls for a clearer style of preaching with regard to the structure and language of sermons, whether they be in the various artes praedicandi or in the words of homilists, clerics, or other religious authorities. Within a 1 Scandinavian context, the words of St Birgitta recorded in her Revelationes 2