REVIEW Coronary imaging with computed tomographic angiography Paul Schoenhagen INTRODUCTION Based upon relatively recent hardand software devel opments noninvasive coronary imaging with multide tector computed tomography MDCThas evolved from an investigational tool to a clinical modality [1,2] Initial singlecenter experience at specialized centers has pro vided an understanding of the strengths and limitations in comparison to existing diagnostic modalitiesAs sum marized in recent appropriateness guidelines [3,4] the performance characteristics of computed tomographic angiography CTAdo not support imaging of popula tions with high and low pretest probability of advanced coronary artery disease CAD). In highrisk patients the frequent presence of calcified lesions calcium blooming artifact too often precludes precise assess ment of stenosis severityand a positive test result only confirms the need for invasive imagingImaging of low risk populations to exclude stenosis and atherosclerotic plaque accumulation is strongly discouraged secondary to the significant radiation exposure associated with current CT technologyCTA appears appropriate in se lected clinical scenarios in intermediate risk popula tionsIn these patientsCTA may not only allow avoi ding furthermore invasive testing by excluding signifi cant luminal stenosisbut also provides prognostic in formation by assessing atherosclerotic plaque burden The current literature mainly describes technical feasibility and performance in comparison to other ima ging modalities and is summarized in the following par agraphsFuture studies will need to evaluate the clini cal impact for specific clinical indications in the con text of standard diagnostic algorithmsSuch accumula ting evidencebased data will allow defining the diag nostic role of CTA in the management of patients with various stages of CAD DETECTION OF CORONARY STENOSIS Angiographic identification and quantification of focal luminal stenosis is the basis for treatment decisions in patient with symptomatic CADHoweverthe anatomic severity of luminal stenosis is only a surrogate for its anticipated physiological effects on myocardial blood flow [5 ~7] Animal and human studies demonstrate that coronary flow reserve CFR),a measure of normal my ocardial blood flow regulationsremains normal until anatomic stenosis severity approaches 75%, and dra matically falls between 75% and 95% stenosisThere forethe angiographic differences between moderate and severe lesions may be only a fraction of a millime terGiven the limitations in spatial resolution of all clinical coronary imaging modalities modern angio graphic and 64唱 slice MDCT equipment has a spatial resolution of about 0畅 mm and 0畅 45 mmrespective lythese small anatomic differences are difficult or im possible to discernBesides the small size of the coro nary arteriesimaging is complicated by the constant rapid cardiac motionThe time required for the acquisi tion of an individual image describes the temporal reso lutionFor standard 64唱 detecor multidetector scanners temporal resolution is limited to about 1/ of the rota tion time of the xray tube detector systemwhich cor responds to a temporal resolution of ≥ 165 msThe re cently introduced dual source systems reduce temporal resolution to about 1/ of the tube rotation time (83 ms [8,9] which is still limited in comparison to inva sive angiography temporal resolution of 10 ms ). The Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute and Heart & Vascular Institute Desk HB6,9500 Euclid Ave.,Cleveland OH 44195,USA Correspondence to Paul SchoenhagenMDFAHAThe Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute and Heart & Vascular Institute Cardiovascular Imaging Desk HB6,9500 Euclid Ave.,Cleveland OH 44195,USA Emailschoenp1@ccf org JOURNAL of CHINESE CLINICAL MEDICINE VOLUME 3| NUMBER 10 | October 2008