REVIEW
Coronary imaging with computed tomographic angiography
Paul Schoenhagen
INTRODUCTION
Based upon relatively recent hard唱 and soft唱 ware devel唱
opments non唱 invasive coronary imaging with multi唱 de唱
tector computed tomography ( MDCT) has evolved from
an investigational tool to a clinical modality
[1,2]
. Initial
single唱 center experience at specialized centers has pro唱
vided an understanding of the strengths and limitations
in comparison to existing diagnostic modalities. As sum唱
marized in recent appropriateness guidelines
[3,4]
, the
performance characteristics of computed tomographic
angiography ( CTA) do not support imaging of popula唱
tions with high and low pre唱 test probability of advanced
coronary artery disease ( CAD). In high唱 risk patients,
the frequent presence of calcified lesions ( calcium
blooming artifact ) too often precludes precise assess唱
ment of stenosis severity,and a positive test result only
confirms the need for invasive imaging. Imaging of low唱
risk populations to exclude stenosis and atherosclerotic
plaque accumulation is strongly discouraged secondary
to the significant radiation exposure associated with
current CT technology. CTA appears appropriate in se唱
lected clinical scenarios in intermediate risk popula唱
tions. In these patients, CTA may not only allow avoi唱
ding further,more invasive testing by excluding signifi唱
cant luminal stenosis, but also provides prognostic in唱
formation by assessing atherosclerotic plaque burden.
The current literature mainly describes technical
feasibility and performance in comparison to other ima唱
ging modalities and is summarized in the following par唱
agraphs. Future studies will need to evaluate the clini唱
cal impact for specific clinical indications in the con唱
text of standard diagnostic algorithms. Such accumula唱
ting evidence唱 based data will allow defining the diag唱
nostic role of CTA in the management of patients with
various stages of CAD.
DETECTION OF CORONARY STENOSIS
Angiographic identification and quantification of focal
luminal stenosis is the basis for treatment decisions in
patient with symptomatic CAD. However, the anatomic
severity of luminal stenosis is only a surrogate for its
anticipated physiological effects on myocardial blood
flow
[5 ~7]
. Animal and human studies demonstrate that
coronary flow reserve ( CFR),a measure of normal my唱
ocardial blood flow regulations, remains normal until
anatomic stenosis severity approaches 75%, and dra唱
matically falls between 75% and 95% stenosis. There唱
fore, the angiographic differences between moderate
and severe lesions may be only a fraction of a millime唱
ter. Given the limitations in spatial resolution of all
clinical coronary imaging modalities ( modern angio唱
graphic and 64唱 slice MDCT equipment has a spatial
resolution of about 0畅 2 mm and 0畅 45 mm,respective唱
ly) these small anatomic differences are difficult or im唱
possible to discern. Besides the small size of the coro唱
nary arteries, imaging is complicated by the constant
rapid cardiac motion. The time required for the acquisi唱
tion of an individual image describes the temporal reso唱
lution. For standard 64唱 detecor multidetector scanners,
temporal resolution is limited to about 1/ 2 of the rota唱
tion time of the x唱 ray tube / detector system,which cor唱
responds to a temporal resolution of ≥ 165 ms. The re唱
cently introduced dual source systems reduce temporal
resolution to about 1/ 4 of the tube rotation time (83
ms)
[8,9]
,which is still limited in comparison to inva唱
sive angiography ( temporal resolution of 10 ms ).
The Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute and Heart & Vascular Institute ,Desk HB唱 6,9500 Euclid Ave.,Cleveland OH 44195,USA
Correspondence to Paul Schoenhagen,MD,FAHA,The Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute and Heart & Vascular Institute Cardiovascular Imaging ,Desk
HB唱 6,9500 Euclid Ave.,Cleveland OH 44195,USA
E唱 mail:schoenp1@ccf . org
1 9 5 JOURNAL of CHINESE CLINICAL MEDICINE VOLUME 3| NUMBER 10 | October 2008