BOOK REVIEW Joe ¨lle Proust: The Philosophy of Metacognition: Mental Agency and Self-Awareness Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, xii + 366, $74.00, ISBN: 978-0-19-960216-2 Santiago Arango-Mun ˜oz 1 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 This interesting book constitutes a remarkable contribution to our understanding of a rather neglected subject in philosophy of mind. It provides a comprehensive theory of the metacognitive capacity in relation to topics in the philosophy of mind, such as mental action, normativity, self-awareness and self-knowledge. It is more than a collection of Joe ¨lle Proust’s previous papers on metacognition; it explores recent objections, provides new analyses and arguments, and presents new data from psychology and neuroscience to support her view. Metacognition is a word that has caused fascination in psychology and philosophy. However, its traditional definition as cognition about cognition or thinking about thinking has not yielded an adequate understanding of the phenomenon. After reviewing the history of this concept, Proust shows that it hides a history of confusion and misunderstandings. Proust has spent more than 10 years working to disentangle two opposing ways of understanding the concept. The first is the attributivist view, defended by Peter Carruthers (2011). According to this perspective, metacognition is the production of self-attributions or self-ascriptions of mental states by the mindreading capacity. The second is the evaluativist view, defended by Proust. According to this view, metacognition is the procedural capacity to non-conceptually evaluate and control one’s own mental processes and actions by means of noetic feelings (chapters 1–3). Yet, in defending the evaluativist view, Proust is not committed to the denial of the fact that subjects sometimes form self-ascriptions and that these can play a metacognitive role. Her point is rather that & Santiago Arango-Mun ˜oz santiagoarangom@gmail.com 1 G. I. Conocimiento, Filosofı ´a, Ciencia, Historia y Sociedad, Instituto de Filosofı ´a, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellı ´n, Colombia 123 Minds & Machines DOI 10.1007/s11023-015-9376-8