1 Erkanal Festschrift A Brief History of Ships’ Hulls and Anchors as Revealed Along the Turkish Coast by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology  George F. Bass, Deborah N. Carlson, and Mark E. Polzer Illustrated by Mark E. Polzer When the founders of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), George Bass and Michael Katzev, began their investigation of ancient shipwrecks off the coasts of Turkey and Cyprus in the 1960s, first for the University of Pennsylvania Museum, it was known that Roman ships, at least, were built in the shell-first manner, their planks held together, edge to edge, by mortise-and-tenon joints, the tenons driven into mortises cut in the plank edges and locked in place by wooden pegs (Fig. 1). Evidence had come from such oddities as the fancifully named “Caesar’s galley,” found during the construction of a building at Marseille in 1864; 1 the County Hall ship, also uncovered during construction on land, this time in 1910 near the River Thames in London; 2 the Antikythera wreck, Fig. 1. Pegged mortise-and-tenon planking edge joinery.