International Journal of Diabetology & Vascular Disease Research, 2014 © 57 Wang KS et al., (2014) Associations of Binge Drinking and Smoking with Type 2 Diabetes among Adults in California: Age and Race Differences. Int J Diabetol Vasc Dis Res. 2(4), 57-62. International Journal of Diabetology & Vascular Disease Research(IJDVR) ISSN 2328-353X Associations of Binge Drinking and Smoking with Type 2 Diabetes among Adults in California: Age and Race Differences Research Article Wang KS 1* , Wang L 1 , Liu X 1 , Owusu D 1 , Zhang M 2 1 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA. 2 Department of Global Health Systems and Development, Tulane School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. Abstract Objective:The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rising rapidly in the world. Findings focusing on the impact of two main lifestyle fac- tors, smoking and alcohol consumption, on T2D were mixed. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of T2D and to examine the association of lifestyle factors including smoking and binge drinking with T2D. Materials and Methods: 4046 adults with T2D and 38234 controls were selected from the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Sur- vey (CHIS). Weighted univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% conidence intervals (CIs). Results: The overall prevalence of T2D was 7.0% (7.2% for males and 6.8 % for females). The prevalence increased with age (1.7%, 10.3% and 17.2% for age group 18-44, 45-64 and 65+ years, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that past smoking (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.13-1.45), middle-aged adults (OR = 6.23, 95% CI = 5.09-7.62) and elderly adults (OR = 10.38, 95% CI = 8.28-13.0), nonwhite (Latino, Asian, and Africa American), obesity and poor poverty were positively associated with T2D. Furthermore, being female (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.67-0.86), binge drinking (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.57-0.80), and employment were negatively associated with T2D. Stratiied by age and race, obesity was positively associated with T2D in all age and race groups. Past smoking was positively associated with T2D in middle- aged Asian and Whites groups only. Binge drinking showed negative association with T2D in the middle-aged and elderly Whites and in the elderly Asians. Conclusion: Lifestyle factors (binge drinking and smoking) were associated with T2D. There were age and race differences in the associa- tions of binge drinking and smoking with T2D. Key Words: Type 2 Diabetes; Binge Drinking; Smoking; Age Difference; Race Difference. *Corresponding Author: Ke-Sheng Wang, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA. Tel: +1 423 439 4481; Fax: +1 423 439 4606 E-mail: wangk@etsu.edu Received: April 09, 2014 Accepted: May 07, 2014 Published: May 09, 2014 Citation: Wang KS et al., (2014) Associations of Binge Drinking and Smoking with Type 2 Diabetes among Adults in California: Age and Race Differences. Int J Diabetol Vasc Dis Res. 2(4), 57-62. Copyright: Wang KS © 2014. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction As a predominant form of diabetes, type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been a major public health issue that threatens health and econo- mies [1]. According to the international diabetes federation (IDF) estimation, there were 284.6 million of patients with diabetes in 2010 in the world [2] and it was predicted that there would be 438.4 million in 2025, with about 90%-95% being T2D. The over- all prevalence of T2D in United States (US) was 7.7% based on the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Sur- vey (NHANES) [3], while the prevalence was 6.8% based on the 1997-2004 NHANES and varied by race (5.5%, 11% and 11% for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American, respectively)[4]. The health expenditure for diabetes will rise from 418 USD billion to 490 USD billion from 2010 to 2030 [5]. As a highly preventable disease, the epidemic of T2D can be relieved through updating public policies, treatments, and living environ- ments which target speciic risks. The disparity of T2D in diverse racial/ethnic groups has been proven from studies that have been conducted in the US [4,6], yet limited studies have investigated age and race differences in multiple factors of T2D. T2D risk factors include family history, ethnic background, age, being overweight and lack of physical activity [7-9]. However, the pathogenesis of this disease is very complex and remains unknown. In particu- lar, the impact of two main lifestyle factors, smoking and alcohol consumption, on T2D has inconsistent indings and has not been compared in different age and racial/ethnic groups [4,7],[10-12]. In order to decrease the disparity of T2D among different races/ ethnicities and to have the effective prevention and treatment of T2D, we investigated the age and race differences in the associa- tions between lifestyle factors including smoking and alcohol con- sumption and T2D using a large population-based sample.