Qualitative Health Research
23(5) 631–644
© The Author(s) 2012
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DOI: 10.1177/1049732312471731
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Obesity is a growing global health concern (World Health
Organization, 2011). In Canada, obesity rates have
increased substantially over the past two decades, with
the greatest rise in morbid obesity (body mass index
[BMI] ≥ 40 kg/m
2
; Tjepkema, 2005). Weight-loss surgery
(WLS) has been deemed the only proven long-term treat-
ment for morbid obesity (Christou et al., 2004). The num-
ber of WLSs being performed has increased in recent
years, nearly doubling from 2003 to 2007 (Christou &
Efthimiou, 2009).
The term weight-loss surgery (also called bariatric
surgery) is used to denote a group of surgeries that induce
weight loss through restriction and/or malabsorption,
and include gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, and
gastric bypass. A person’s qualification for WLS is based on
recommendations made by the National Institute of Health
(1991), including (a) BMI ≥ 40 kg/m
2
or BMI ≥ 35 kg/m
2
plus high-risk, obesity-related comorbidities; (b) demon-
strated attempts at behavioral weight loss treatments; (c)
a well-informed, compliant, motivated patient; and (d)
the absence of contraindications (i.e., active psychiatric
disorders, mental retardation, a strong history of sub-
stance abuse, or self-destructive behaviors).
In Canada, the majority of WLS procedures are cov-
ered by provincial health care plans. However, the wait
times for government-funded clinics are often long and
access to them is limited; the average wait time for these
clinics is approximately 5 years (Christou & Efthimiou,
2009). Therefore, individuals have been seeking treatment
from private clinics domestically and abroad (Birch, Vu,
Karmali, Johnson Stoklossa, & Sharma, 2010; Pafford,
2009). This practice, called medical tourism, has been cri-
tiqued because it can result in increased risk to patients,
disjointed care when the patient’s primary care practitio-
ners are not informed of procedures, and loss of health
care dollars to the local economy (Birch et al., 2010;
Pafford).
Birch and colleagues cautioned that
Canadian and American centers of excellence for
obesity and bariatric surgery [should] anticipate
and budget for care that may need to be provided
to medical tourists. These patients will consume
resources that may have been intended for primary
care of obesity within these centers and ultimately
may have such a significant operational impact
471731QHR XX X 10.1177/1049732312471
731Qualitative Health ResearchGlenn et al.
1
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
2
Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
Corresponding Author:
Nicole M. Glenn, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation,
University of Alberta, 6-55B General Services Building, Edmonton, AB
T6G 2H1, Canada.
Email: nglenn@ualberta.ca
Exploring Media Representations
of Weight-Loss Surgery
Nicole M. Glenn,
1
Kerry R. McGannon,
2
and John C. Spence
1
Abstract
Scholars have problematized popular culture and media (re)presentations of obesity/overweight. However, few have
considered the ways bariatric surgery, a rapidly growing treatment for morbid obesity, fits within the discussion. In this
article, we explore news media (re)presentations of bariatric surgery using an eclectic approach to critical discourse
analysis. Our findings reveal dominant discourses about bariatric surgery and the surgical population, providing
an understanding of media (re)presentations as possible contributors to bias, stigmatization, and discrimination.
Novel in our findings was our identification of subject positions in the dominant discourses (which were biomedical
and benevolent government). We argue that existing (re)presentations of bariatric surgery are highly problematic
because they reinforce oversimplistic and binary understandings of weight-loss surgery and obesity, weaving a highly
gendered fairy-tale narrative and ultimately promoting weight-based stigmatization.
Keywords
critical methods; health behavior; medicalization; obesity / overweight; psychosocial issues; social constructionism;
stigma; weight management