Comparability of Multiple Data Types From the Bering Strait Region: Cranial and Dental Metrics and Nonmetrics, mtDNA, and Y-Chromosome DNA Brianne Herrera, 1 * Tsunehiko Hanihara, 2 and Kanya Godde 3,4 1 Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 2 Department of Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan 3 Sociology and Anthropology Department, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA 4 Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN KEY WORDS mantel tests; biological distance; aleut; inuit; procrustes; kinship matrix ABSTRACT Different data types have previously been shown to have the same microevolutionary pat- terns in worldwide data sets. However, peopling of the New World studies have shown a difference in migration paths and timings using multiple types of data, spurring research to understand why this is the case. This study was designed to test the degree of similarity in evolu- tionary patterns by using cranial and dental metric and nonmetric data, along with Y-chromosome DNA and mtDNA. The populations used included Inuits from Alaska, Canada, Siberia, Greenland, and the Aleutian Islands. For comparability, the populations used for the cranial and molecular data were from similar geographic regions or had a shared population history. Distance, R and kinship matrices were generated for use in running Mantel tests, PROTEST analyses, and Procrustes analy- ses. A clear patterning was seen, with the craniometric data being most highly correlated to the mtDNA data and the cranial nonmetric data being most highly corre- lated with the Y-chromosome data, while the phenotypic data were also linked. This patterning is suggestive of a possible male or female inheritance, or the correlated data types are affected by the same or similar evolution- ary forces. The results of this study indicate cranial traits have some degree of heritability. Moreover, com- bining data types leads to a richer knowledge of biologi- cal affinity. This understanding is important for bioarchaeological contexts, in particular, peopling of the New World studies where focusing on reconciling the results from comparing multiple data types is necessary to move forward. Am J Phys Anthropol 000:000–000, 2014. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Combining different types of data for statistical analy- sis is useful for inferring patterns of population dynam- ics and history. Genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection are well-known biological and evolutionary influencers of cranial shape and form that are passed down through generations (Relethford and Blangero, 1990; Relethford, 2001; Stojanowski, 2004). Because of this, comparing osteological and molecular data has had interesting results in investigations ranging from kin- ship organization during the Late Stone Age (Haak et al., 2008) to finding familial groups within ancient Mongolians (Ricaut et al., 2010). Gonz alez-Jos e et al. (2008) have also been successful in combining geometric- morphometrics and genetic data for testing different models for the human migration into the Americas. Sim- ilarly, Gonz alez-Jos e et al. (2004) used cranial measure- ments and Alu-insertions to find correlations with genetic and phenotypic distances. The analysis performed here is based on a similar idea. We used osteological metric and nonmetric data, dental metric and nonmetric data, as well as mitochon- drial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup frequencies and Y- chromosome allele frequency data from different contem- porary, indigenous Arctic and Aleutian populations in order to compare and detect population patterns. Specifi- cally, we are interested in combining multiple biological data types in hopes that the methodology will aid in bio- archaeological investigations, in particular, peopling of the New World studies. Because this work will not address temporal or spatial components associated with these populations and data types, it is not appropriate to directly examine these results for human migration to the New World. Instead, we hope this information will provide a tool for investigators wishing to analyze multi- ple data types in relation to hypothesis testing for peo- pling of the New World. Because of the large variety of data types used for migration studies, it is important to understand the relationship of each data type to each other for researchers to reconcile the results. BACKGROUND Greenland The first migration into Greenland is thought to have occurred via the Canadian High Arctic islands (Mel- gaard, 1976) around 4500–4000 BP (Helgason et al., 2005). Once in Greenland, the original migrants split Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online ver- sion of this article. *Correspondence to: Brianne Herrera, 825 N 4th St #208, Colum- bus, Ohio 43215, USA. E-mail: brianne215@gmail.com Received 16 August 2013; revised 3 March 2014; accepted 4 March 2014 DOI 10.1002/ajpa.22513 Published online 00 Month 2014 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). Ó 2014 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 00:00–00 (2014)