Smart meters for industrial energy conservation and efficiency optimization in Pakistan: Scope, technology and applications Waleed Aslam n , Muhammad Soban, Farwa Akhtar, Nauman A. Zaffar Department of Electrical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), D.H.A., Lahore 54792, Pakistan article info Article history: Received 27 September 2013 Received in revised form 15 November 2014 Accepted 3 January 2015 Available online 30 January 2015 Keywords: Smart meters Energy efficiency Industries Pakistan abstract The electrical grid in most of the developing countries has inefficiencies in different areas such as transmission and distribution, power quality, grid reliability and system protection. These inadequacies in grid operations and asset protection, along with revenue leakage constitute an overall troubled energy profile. The fixes usually proposed in this regard are directed at reducing distribution network losses and improving residential and commercial demand side management. Lessons from the residential and commercial implementation of smart meters can be extended to industrial consumers to help relieve grid congestion and achieve better efficiency goals. This paper reviews smart meter technology and applications across residential, commercial and industrial sectors. We point out the areas for power quality and energy efficiency improvement within industries and propose ways for achieving them through smart meters, specifically in the context of Pakistan. We have incorporated empirical evidence from experimental setup at our university grid as proof of concept. We have also elaborated on the implementation methodology to avoid the possible pitfalls in the proposed solution. & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 933 2. Technology description ............................................................................................... 934 3. Residential, commercial and network implementations ..................................................................... 936 3.1. Consumer-led................................................................................................. 937 4. Proposed industrial implementations .................................................................................... 938 4.1. Energy auditing ............................................................................................... 938 4.2. Load diagrams ................................................................................................ 938 4.3. Demand response ............................................................................................. 940 4.4. Performance characteristic line ................................................................................... 940 4.5. Fault analysis ................................................................................................. 941 5. Implementation methodology.......................................................................................... 941 6. Future directions .................................................................................................... 942 7. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 942 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 942 Appendix .............................................................................................................. 942 References ............................................................................................................. 942 1. Introduction Pakistan’s energy demand has sharply risen over the past few years and still continues to rise. The total electricity demand is expected to reach 49,078 MW by 2025 [1]. Over the years Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.004 1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. n Corresponding author. E-mail address: waleedaslam91@gmail.com (W. Aslam). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44 (2015) 933–943