ABSTRACT
Manifold tuning has long been considered a critical facet of
engine design and performance optimization. This paper
details the design, analysis and preliminary testing of a
continuously variable, carbon fiber intake manifold for a
restricted 2003 Suzuki GSXR-600® engine. The device
achieves a large dynamic runner length range of 216-325 mm
through the use of a half-tube, sliding shell design that differs
substantially from traditional variable intake approaches. A
combination of Ricardo WAVE® and 2D/3D Ansys Fluent®
simulations were used to aid in the design of the intake along
with a custom software routine to optimize restrictor
geometry through fully automated CFD simulations. The
sliding mechanism was actuated via a cable linkage system
and powered by a small servo motor. This motor was
controlled by a Microchip dsPIC® microcontroller that was
embedded in a custom power distribution PCB for the 2009
Cooper Union Formula SAE® entry. The controller
communicates with the engine's MicroSquirt® ECU over
CAN to read instantaneous engine speed and commands the
servo based on an empirically tuned look-up table. Initial
testing of the intake showed the expected torque and power
variation, maintaining over 95% of the peak engine torque for
an additional 60% of the usable engine speed range in
addition to a peak power improvement of 5% relative to a
baseline static intake configuration. A peak power
improvement of over 22% was also achieved relative to the
2008 FSAE® intake. The variable intake system adds less
than 1% to overall powertrain weight and is able to actuate
the full dynamic range in less than 1.0 s. Additional gains are
expected through optimized cam timing coupled with
refinements to the initial engine calibration.
INTRODUCTION
As is characteristic in any rotary power-plant (electric,
internal combustion, etc.), there exist various operating points
where torque output reaches a local or global maximum [ 1].
Because torque affects the acceleratory performance of a
vehicle, optimizing it is a critical factor for any vehicle
designer. For engines, torque is strongly affected by
Volumetric Efficiency (VE), which is a measure of the actual
air inducted versus the swept volume of the piston [ 2]. VE, in
turn, is closely coupled to the resonance conditions that
develop in the engine's manifolds, the timing of the induction
and exhaust processes, fluid flow losses and the average
speed of fluid flow [ 1].
Many empirical and computational studies have shown a
clear relationship between the geometry of manifold ducts
and volumes to the resonance peaks favorable to high VE
performance (see Figure 1) [ 1]. As a result, an engine
manifold designer is able to “tune” an engine to achieve
higher VE at certain engine speeds by carefully selecting
appropriate geometry. However, drivability also remains a
concern, and because highly “tuned” engines typically exhibit
narrow operating bands of peak performance, it is the goal of
this paper to explore dynamically varying manifold geometry
in an effort to produce an engine that is “tuned” over a greater
range of engine speeds. By taking this approach, a
performance engine can be made more drivable (through a
more constant, or “flatter” torque curve) without a
corresponding increase in engine displacement to compensate
for low torque regimes.
A High Performance, Continuously Variable Engine
Intake Manifold
2011-01-0420
Published
04/12/2011
Adam Vaughan and George J. Delagrammatikas
Cooper Union
Copyright © 2011 SAE International
doi: 10.4271/2011-01-0420