The development of verbal and visual working memory processes: A latent variable approach Gabriela V. Koppenol-Gonzalez a,⇑ , Samantha Bouwmeester b , Jeroen K. Vermunt a a Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands b Department of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands article info Article history: Received 14 March 2011 Revised 9 October 2011 Available online 16 November 2011 Keywords: Working memory Development Individual differences Similarity Recall Latent class analysis abstract Working memory (WM) processing in children has been studied with different approaches, focusing on either the organizational structure of WM processing during development (factor analytic) or the influence of different task conditions on WM processing (experimental). The current study combined both approaches, aim- ing to distinguish verbal and visual processing in order to investi- gate WM development. We investigated recall performance under different task conditions in a sample of 5- to 13-year-olds, applying latent class regression analysis. In this analysis, we examined latent classes (subgroups) within the sample that differed in terms of processing type. The interpretations of the latent classes were validated internally using characteristics of the latent classes and externally using recall performance of words and figures. The results showed that children of different developmental stages used the same type of processing under the same conditions. How- ever, due to developmental differences, their overall performances differed, showing groups of children who were successful in verbal or visual processing and groups of children who were not. This study shows and discusses the importance of disentangling the influence of task conditions from the influence of WM develop- ment when interpreting recall performance in children. Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0022-0965/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.10.001 ⇑ Corresponding author. Fax: +31 013 466 3002. E-mail address: g.v.koppenolgonzalez@tilburguniversity.edu (G.V. Koppenol-Gonzalez). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 111 (2012) 439–454 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Child Psychology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jecp