213 Between Neuroskepticism and Neurogullibility The Key Role of Neuroethics in the Regulation and Mitigation of Neurotechnology in National Security and Defense Paolo Benanti INTRODUCTION: A CONTEMPORARY FRAMEWORK FOR NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROTECHNOLOGY IN NATIONAL DEFENSE AND SECURITY Improvement in the neurosciences, not least through the development of increasingly sophisticated neurotechnologies, is increasingly being viewed for its potential in national security and defense contexts. Surely, this is not new, as many have noted (Achterhuis 2001; Ihde 2009; Singer 2009; Benanti 2010; Giordano et al. 2010; Marks 2010; Canton 2012) (see also Chapter 11). But what is new is the extent to which multiple scientiic subdisciplines are being incorporated into the realm of 13 CONTENTS Introduction: A Contemporary Framework for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology in National Defense and Security.............................................. 213 The Core Question: Neuroskepticism or Neurogullibility? ................................... 214 Neuroscience, Neurotechnology, and Neuroethics: Three Facets of a Single Lens............................................................................................................. 215 Contemporary Ethical Paradigms for Evaluating Neurotechnology...................... 218 Toward Governance ............................................................................................... 219 References .............................................................................................................. 220 K22583_C013.indd 213 4/23/2014 7:03:21 PM