SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY [25] [35] 1.1 Identify the type of rural settlement in A. 1.2 Identify the pattern of rural settlement in B. 1.3 Provide two advantages of A. 1.4 Describe the factor that was responsible for the pattern in settlement B. 1.5 Would you describe settlement B as a wet-point r dry-point settlement? Give a reason. 1.6 What type of farming could have resulted in settlement A crop or pastoral? Give a reason. 1.7 Give examples of some services that may be offered in settlement B. 1.8 Provide two disadvantages of living in settlement B.4 1.9 Identify the site factor that led to settlement A. 2.1 Which land-use zone is shown the CBD or the Heavy Industrial area? Give a reason for your answer. 2.2 Give two characteristics of the zone above. 2.3 Describe why buildings are so high-rised in the area. 2.4 Provide examples of high value services offered in the zone above. 2.5 Greenbelt regions have been set aside (see foreground). What is a greenbelt region? 2.6 What is the purpose of such greenbelt regions in a city? 2.7 Explain the effect of Malls/OBD's on the land-use zone identified above. 2.8 What is counter-urbanisation and why is it required in South Africa? About the Model: Developed in 1933 by Walter Christaller Assumed that the land was flat in all directions and transport costs were the same. Also believed that population and resources were evenly spread and that people would always support the nearest shop/service centre. The circles represented the sphere of influence- the places inbetween showed that some people could be equi-distant to two shops and could choose which one to support. This may affect the threshold pop of some shops - therefore converted circles to hexagons. Refer to the model of Christaller below to answer the questions set: 3.1 Define the following terms: central place, range, threshold population, sphere of influence. 3.2 Christaller assumed that people always supported the service centre closest to them. Do you agree with this? Explain your views. [Courtesy Shuters Geography Grade 12] [Courtesy In Search of Geography Oxford] [Courtesy Oxford In Search of Geography] 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 1 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 11 8 8 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Spatial Patterns of Settlements Study the picture below: Christaller's Central Place Theory/Shopping Behaviour Report back: The following observations have been made regarding the June Examinations: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Exercise 1 ? ? ? Learners are confusing concepts in Weather and Climate with those in Fluvial Action. Learning activities in texts/guides have been overlooked. This means that learners have not adequately prepared for the examinations. Self-testing is an important component in your prep for the exams. Paper 2 (Practical work/Mapwork) inadequate preparation has resulted in poor results. Only practice, practice and more practice will provide you with the necessary skills and confidence to conquer map reading and interpretation. Use a variety of maps/orthophotos in class. Farming-type of settlement predominantly based on primary economic activities unifunctional settlement. Following settlements are classified as rural: isolated farmstead, hamlet and village. Few services offered most of the inhabitants are involved in some kind of primary activity. Two types of rural settlements: Dispersed far apart from each other; and Clustered close to each other. Identification of such settlements on topo maps. Advantages/disadvantages of such settlements. Factors responsible for origin of settlements: SITE and SITUATION: Natural/Physical (water, soils, relief) ; Socio- Economic-cultural (transport, safety, defence, market, historical, etc). Dry and wet-point settlements-i.e. H2O influence Patterns of Rural Settlements circular, linear, star- shaped, etc. Rural Depopulation and its effects on both the farm and the City Push and Pull Factors. Development of Rural Areas ad other sustainable strategies Agenda 21, ASGISA, Land Claim and restitution. Built-up settlement inhabitants are predominantly involved in Secondary and Tertiary activities. Many people, buildings and activities multi-functional settlement. Classification town, city, metropolis, conurbation and megalopolis (largest urban structure). As urban settlement increases in size, more services are offered. SITE and SITUATION factors affecting the location of urban settlements are also divided into physical and socio-economic-cultural factors. Shopping behaviour influence of threshold population, range, size of complex, access to centre on sphere of influence. Urban Morphology includes the shape, street patterns, urban profile and land-use zones. Land-use zones - CBD, other commercial zones (OBD, Ribbon developments), residential zones according to income, industrial zones (heavy and light) and recreational zones. A knowledge of location and characteristics will be tested in the examinations. Transition zone and Rural-urban fringe - where located, characteristics and type of activities taking place here. RDP, GEAR, and other initiatives to develop and sustain urban areas. Urban Challenges: traffic congestion, pollution, high crime levels, rapid urbanization, squatting, etc. Dear learners, the need for you to engage in activities involving the above settlement sections is very important for your understanding of the subject matter. You need to also read the newspapers widely, watch selected programmes on TV and talk to experts in various fields (like town planners, architects, etc) so that your knowledge will be sufficient to handle open-ended questions in the exams, i.e. those questions that require you to suggest solutions and management strategies for a variety of challenges. RURAL SETTLEMENTS URBAN SETTLEMENTS ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Study the two pics provided and then answer the questions set: 3.3 In order to regularly support the closest service centre, what factors did Christaller assume? 3.4 Why did Christaller remodel his diagram to include hexagons instead of circles? 3.5 Do you think this model applies to any real situation? Why. Three models were produced to show how cities looked and developed over the years. The models, their characteristics and shortcomings are as follows: 4.1 State 2 shortcomings of the Concentric Zone Model. 4.2 Explain the influence of the high-income resident on Hoyt's Sector Model. 4.3 Hoyt assumed that cities developed according to sectors/wedges. What factors/forces present today can upset his theory? 4.4 The Multiple Nuclei Model is best suited for the developed world. Do you agree? Give reasons. 6 4 4 [30] Good Luck. Exercise 4 Urban Models In the next issue we focus on People and their Needs [Courtesy Oxford In Search of Geography Grade 12] CO-ORDINATOR: S Chandrabhaon Fairbreeze Secondary GEOGRAPHY