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Moreira Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal The extensive use of tributyltin (TBT) compounds in ship antifouling paints over the last four decades has created a global pollution problem. It is now well established that TBT causes reproductive and develop- mental adverse effects on a wide diversity of aquatic organisms, especially on molluscs, at very low concen- trations. For instance, the US Environmental Protection Agency has set the saltwater chronic criterion for TBT at a value as low as 1 ng/L (US EPA, 2002). In Portugal, * Corresponding author. Fax: +351-234-426408. E-mail address: cmiguez@bio.ua.pt (C.M. Barroso). Baseline / Marine Pollution Bulletin 48 (2004) 1145–1167 1149