Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Standards for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring clinical
reporting in daily practice: recommendations from the Italian
Society of Hypertension
Stefano Omboni
a
, Paolo Palatini
b
and Gianfranco Parati
c,d
;on behalf of the
Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring of the Italian Society of
Hypertension
This paper aims to provide practical indications to healthcare
professionals and manufacturers of ambulatory blood
pressure monitoring (ABPM) devices on the characteristics
and minimum required contents of a standard ABPM report to
be used in the clinical practice. Such indications will help
make ABPM reports more easily interpretable and
independent from the ABPM device and software used.
The first important and unavoidable step of ABPM reporting
is a quality assessment: if a recording does not meet the
minimum requirements for quality criteria, the reporting
physician should advise the patient to repeat the test and
should not further proceed to a diagnostic evaluation and
interpretation of the recording. A basic clinical report must
contain the list of each single reading, the graphical display of
individual readings and hourly average values, the mean,
minimum and maximum values, and SDs of blood pressure
and heart rate values for the 24 h, daytime and night-time,
day–night differences, and blood pressure loads. The final
medical report should be prepared in a quite logically
structured way, considering the following: (i) a judgment on
the overall quality of the 24 h recording; (ii) an indication of
whether average 24 h, daytime and night-time systolic, and
diastolic blood pressure values are within or above the
normal limits; and (iii) a description of the 24 h pattern of
blood pressure fluctuations. A final general statement on the
normotensive or hypertensive status and on the degree of
blood pressure control in case of treated patients should also
be provided. Blood Press Monit 00:000–000 Copyright ©
2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Blood Pressure Monitoring 2015, 00:000–000
Keywords: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, clinical report, guidelines
a
Clinical Research Unit, Italian Institute of Telemedicine, Varese,
b
Department of
Medicine, University of Padua, Padua,
c
Department of Health Sciences, University
of Milano-Bicocca and
d
Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic
Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Correspondence to Stefano Omboni, MD, Clinical Research Unit, Italian Institute
of Telemedicine, Via Colombera 29, 21048 Solbiate Arno, Varese, Italy
Tel: + 39 0331 984529; fax: + 39 0331 984530;
e-mail: stefano.omboni@iitelemed.org
Received 21 February 2015 Revised 24 April 2015 Accepted 1 May 2015
Introduction
Considerable clinically useful information can be
obtained by analyzing 24 h ambulatory blood pressure
monitoring (ABPM), with a number of different para-
meters being provided by currently available software
tools [1]. Consequently, the practicing physician is often
faced with bewildering reports consisting of reams of
paper that contain plots, histograms, and results of data
analysis that may have little relevance for clinical practice
[2], and that are presented and summarized in a different
manner by different data analysis programs, coupled with
the different ABPM devices on the market. This is not
likely to help physicians in extracting the most relevant
information out of a 24 h ABPM recording, and may
rather be responsible for some confusion in data inter-
pretation when using different devices. Indeed, in a busy
general practice, a simpler presentation of only basic data
summarized in a one-page report may be enough for
diagnostic purposes, as suggested in the recent 2013
European Society of Hypertension ABPM position
paper, whereas for research purposes, a larger number of
statistical details on the features of 24 h profile as well as
other indices may be required [3–5].
Current guidelines [4,5] describe the procedure for a
correct performance of 24 h ABPM recordings and sum-
marize clinical indications and perspectives for future
applications. However, such documents do not refer in
detail to the practical aspect of ABPM reporting as they
provide only vague suggestions in this respect.
For this reason, in this document, we aimed to provide
practical indications for physicians, healthcare profes-
sionals, and manufacturers of ABPM devices on the char-
acteristics and minimum required contents of a standard
ABPM report to be used in the clinical practice for routine
diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Hopefully, such
indications will facilitate standardization of ABPM report-
ing by device manufacturers, making presentation of data
more easily interpretable and independent from the ABPM
device and software used.
Quality assessment of the ABPM recording
The first important and unavoidable step when approach-
ing ABPM data reporting is a quality assessment of the
recording. As for every diagnostic procedure, a 24 h ABPM
tracing that does not comply with basic quality criteria
Review article 1
1359-5237 Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1097/MBP.0000000000000135