Introduction
The formulation of low curing temperatures epoxy
powder coatings (using new initiators and cross-link-
ers) has become one of the main lines of research in
industries and related research centres. One of the
main objectives of this research is to obtain epoxy
systems with low curing temperatures so that they can
be applied on different substrates sensitive to temper-
ature (mainly different types of organic ones like
plastics), and of course to reduce energetic costs.
Properties of the paints (mechanical, thermal,
anticorrosive and so on) are specially influenced by
the kind of epoxy network-structure (which depends
on the cross-linker and initiator employed in its for-
mulation).
Powder coatings are currently the fastest
growing section of industrial paints, because of their
favourable environmental attributes and performance
advantages. They are well-adapted for the main
strategic goals of the paint industry, namely corrosion
protection, improved durability, increased transfer
efficiency, elimination of organic solvents, reduction
of toxic waste, conservation of energy and reduction
of costs. Since they are fully solid, and without
volatile organic emissions, powder coatings are
considered to be the best alternative for the reduction
of the volatile organic contents (VOCs) of
solvent-based paints, among the emerging coating
technologies (powder coatings, high solid coatings
and waterborne ones) [1, 2 ].
Compared to liquid paints, the film formation
process of powder coatings is different since it is
occurring in the molten phase. Melting, flow, gel
point and cure completion are the principal stages in
film formation of powder coatings and determine
both the aesthetic and protective properties of the
paint. The duration of these stages is directly affected
by the paint composition, e.g., type of binder and
cross-linker, pigmentation (nature and particle size,
packaging and distribution), catalyst, and additives,
curing and application conditions. These factors, in
turn, determine important coating characteristics such
as levelling, adhesion, gloss, chemical resistance and
exterior durability [3–12].
Catalysts are important in polymerization
processes because they decrease the activation
energies and accelerate the reaction. They can be
stimulated by heating or photoirradiation but, from
the practical point of view, heating is the easier
1388–6150/$20.00 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary
© 2006 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 83 (2006) 2, 429–438
CATIONIC CROSSLINKING OF SOLID DGEBA RESINS WITH
YTTERBIUM(III) TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONATE AS INITIATOR
S. J. García
1,*
, X. Ramis
2
, A. Serra
3
and J. Suay
4
1
Área de Ciencia de los Materiales, Deparment d’Enginyeria de Sistemes Industrials i Disseny, Universitat Jaume I, Avda Vinent
Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Spain
2
Laboratori de Termodin´mica, Escola TÀcnica Superior Enginyeria Industrial Barcelona, Universitat Polit Àcnica de Catalunya
Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
3
Departament de Q. Analítica i Q. Org´nica, Facultat de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n
43007 Tarragona, Spain
4
Centro de Biomateriales, Universitat Polit Àcnica de ValÀncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
Solid bisphenol-A epoxy resin of medium molecular mass was cured using a Lewis acid initiator (ytterbium(III)
trifluoromethanesulfonate) in three different proportions (0.5, 1 and 2 phr). A kinetic study was performed in a differential scanning
calorimeter. The complete kinetic triplet was determined (activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and integral function of the
degree of conversion) for each system. A kinetic analysis was performed with an integral isoconversional procedure (free model),
and the kinetic model was determined both with the Coats–Redfern method (the obtained isoconversional value being accepted as
the effective activation energy) and through the compensation effect. All the systems followed the same isothermal curing model
simulated from non-isothermal ones. The growth-of-nuclei Avrami kinetic model A
3/2
has been proposed as the polymerization
kinetic model. The addition of initiator accelerated the reaction especially when 2 phr was added. 0.5 and 1 phr showed very few
kinetic differences between them.
Keywords: epoxy resin, initiator, kinetics (polym.), ytterbium triflate
* Author for correspondence: espallar@sg.uji.es