Review Antioxidant responses of Annelids, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae to pollutants: A review F. Bernard a,b,c , F. Brulle a,c , S. Dumez a,c , S. Lemiere a,b , A. Platel a,d , F. Nesslany a,d , D. Cuny a,c , A. Deram a,c,e , F. Vandenbulcke a,b,n a Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France b Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement EA4515 – Université Lille Nord de France - Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France c Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques – Université de Lille 2, EA4483, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France d Laboratoire de Toxicologie – Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA 4483, F-59800 Lille, France e Faculté de Management de la Santé (ILIS) - Université de Lille 2, EA4483, F-59120 Loos, France article info Article history: Received 19 September 2013 Received in revised form 15 April 2014 Accepted 20 April 2014 Keywords: Oxidative stress Gene expression Xenobiotics Eisenia fetida Brassica oleracea Trifolium repens abstract Pollutants, such as Metal Trace Elements (MTEs) and organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons, pesticides), can impact DNA structure of living organisms and thus generate damage. For instance, cadmium is a well-known genotoxic and mechanisms explaining its clastogenicity are mainly indirect: inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms and/or induction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Animal or vegetal cells use antioxidant defense systems to protect themselves against ROS produced during oxidative stress. Because tolerance of organisms depends, at least partially, on their ability to cope with ROS, the mechanisms of production and management of ROS were investigated a lot in Ecotoxicology as markers of biotic and abiotic stress. This was mainly done through the measurement of enzyme activities The present Review focuses on 3 test species living in close contact with soil that are often used in soil ecotoxicology: the worm Eisenia fetida, and two plant species, Trifolium repens (white clover) and Brassica oleracea (cabbage). E. fetida is a soil-dwelling organism commonly used for biomonitoring. T. repens is a symbiotic plant species which forms root nodule with soil bacteria, while B. oleracea is a non-symbiotic plant. In literature, some oxidative stress enzyme activities have already been measured in those species but such analyses do not allow distinction between individual enzyme involvements in oxidative stress. Gene expression studies would allow this distinction at the transcriptomic level. A literature review and a data search in molecular database were carried out on the basis of keywords in Scopus, in PubMed and in Genbank™ for each species. Molecular data regarding E. fetida were already available in databases, but a lack of data regarding oxidative stress related genes was observed for T. repens and B. oleracea. By exploiting the conservation observed between species and using molecular biology techniques, we partially cloned missing candidates involved in oxidative stress and in metal detoxification in E. fetida, T. repens and B. oleracea. & 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 2 2. Oxidative stress ....................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Annelids ....................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Exposure to MTEs ........................................................................................ 3 2.1.2. Exposure to aromatic compounds............................................................................ 9 2.1.3. Exposure to pesticides ..................................................................................... 9 2.1.4. Exposure to mixtures containing MTEs and organic compounds .................................................. 10 2.2. Brassicaceae ................................................................................................... 10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoenv Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.024 0147-6513/& 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. n Corresponding author. E-mail address: franck.vandenbulcke@univ-lille1.fr (F. Vandenbulcke). Please cite this article as: Bernard, F., et al., Antioxidant responses of Annelids, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae to pollutants: A review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.024i Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎