Abstract Investigated early development of temperament across three cultures: People’s Republic of China (PRC), United States of America (US), and Spain, utilizing a longitudinal design (assessments at 3, 6, and 9 months of age). Selection of these M. A. Gartstein (&) Department of Psychology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644820, Pullman, WA 99164-4840, USA e-mail: gartstma@wsu.edu C. Gonzalez Æ J. A. Carranza Facultad de PsicologHa, Campus Universitario de La Merced, 30100 Murcia, Spain S. A. Ahadi MetriTech Inc. 4106, Fieldstone Road, Champaign, IL 61821, USA e-mail: sahadi@metritech.com R. Ye Houston Independent School District, 4400 West 18th Street, Houston, TX 77092-8501, USA M. K. Rothbart Department of Psychology, 1227, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA e-mail: maryroth@oregon.uoregon.edu S. W. Yang Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 935 East Meadow Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA e-mail: suyang1976@yahoo.com J. A. Carranza e-mail: carranza@um.es C. Gonzalez e-mail: cgonzales@um.es 123 Child Psychiatry Hum Dev (2006) 37:145–161 DOI 10.1007/s10578-006-0025-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Studying Cross-cultural Differences in the Development of Infant Temperament: People’s Republic of China, the United States of America, and Spain Maria A. Gartstein Æ Carmen Gonzalez Æ Jose A. Carranza Stephan A. Ahadi Æ Renmin Ye Æ Mary K. Rothbart Suh Wen Yang Published online: 28 July 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006