Running head: BEHAVIORAL SELF-REGULATION IN FRANCE, GERMANY, AND ICELAND Early Behavioral Self-Regulation, Academic Achievement, and Gender: Longitudinal Findings from France, Germany, and Iceland Steinunn Gestsdottir a Antje von Suchodoletz b Shannon B. Wanless c Blandine Hubert d Philippe Guimard d Freyja Birgisdottir e Catherine Gunzenhauser b Megan McClelland f a University of Iceland, Department of Psychology, Aragata 14, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland, steinuge@hi.is. b University of Freiburg, Research Group “The Empirics of Education”, Department of Economic and Behavioral Sciences, Bismarckallee 22, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, antje.von.suchodoletz@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de; catherine.gunzenhauser@psychologie.uni- freiburg.de. c University of Pittsburgh, School of Education, 5937 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, swanless@pitt.edu. d University of Nantes, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center for Education, Chemin de la Censive du Tertre, 44312 Nantes Cedex 3, France; blandine.hubert@univ-nantes.fr, philippe.guimard@univ-nantes.fr. e University of Iceland, School of Education, Stakkahlid, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland, freybi@hi.is. f Oregon State University, Hallie E. Ford Center for Healthy Children & Families, 2631 SW Campus Way, Corvallis OR 97331, megan.mcclelland@oregonstate.edu.