MONITORING AND EVALUATION IN GLOBAL HIV/AIDS CONTROL—WEIGHING INCENTIVES AND DISINCENTIVES FOR COORDINATION AMONG GLOBAL AND LOCAL ACTORS y ANNA HOLZSCHEITER 1 * , z , GILL WALT 1x and RUAIRI BRUGHA 1,2ô 1 Department of Public Health and Policy, LSHTM, London, UK 2 Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, UK Abstract: This paper discusses coordination efforts of both donors and recipient countries in the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of health outcomes in the field of HIV/AIDS. The coordination of M&E is a much underdeveloped area in HIV/AIDS programming in which, however, important first steps towards better synchronisation have already been taken. In this paper, we review the concepts and meanings commonly applied to M&E, and approaches and strategies for better coordination of M&E in the field of HIV/AIDS. Most importantly, drawing on this analysis, we examine why the present structure of global health governance in this area is not creating strong enough incentives for effective coordination among global and local actors. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Keywords: HIV/AIDS; monitoring; evaluation; harmonisation; alignment; global; health governance 1 INTRODUCTION The emergence of new powerful agencies targeting HIV and AIDS, most notably the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) and the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), has made possible an Journal of International Development J. Int. Dev. 24, 61–76 (2012) Published online 10 June 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/jid.1705 *Correspondence to: Dr Anna Holzscheiter, Department of Public Health & Policy, Centre for Global Change and Health, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. E-mail: anna.holzscheiter@lshtm.ac.uk y Research for this article undertaken by Anna Holzscheiter was made possible by a postdoctoral grant of the German Research Council (DFG). z Postdoctoral Research Fellow. x Professor of International Health Policy. ô Head of Department. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.