Chapter 8 Co-offending networks in cannabis cultivation Aili Malm, Rebecca Nash and Samuel Vickovic Introduction Cannabis cultivation is rarely a lone venture. Not only do cultivators co-offend to grow the plants, they often work with suppliers, distributors, sellers, and others along the commodity chain to get their product to market. Working in groups could be termed a necessity for both indoor and outdoor mid- to large-scale cannabis growers. Indoor operations routinely use hydroponic equipment that requires regular maintenance and electricity by-passes to avoid detection. Outdoor operations are usually located in remote, inaccessible areas, so people are needed for transportation, surveillance, and cultivation. In both cases, the plants themselves need extensive care and attention if the cultivators expect to produce high-yield crops. Once the crops have been harvested, it is common for mid- to large-scale growers to sell on the domestic market and export to other countries. Both of these markets require cooperation with several individuals along the cannabis supply chain (Malm and Bichler, in press). Simply put, cannabis cultivation usually requires co-offending behavior. While the occurrence of co-offending in cannabis cultivation has been substantiated through empirical research (Plecas, Malm, and Kinney 2005), the shape,