FirstpublishedinGreatBritainin2011byOspreyPublishing, MidlandHouse,WestWay,Botley,OxfordOX20PH,UK 44-0223rdSt,Suite219,LongIslandCity,NY11101,USA E-mail:info@ospreypublishing.com ©2011OspreyPublishingLtd Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposeofprivate study,research,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct,1988,nopartofthispublicationmaybe reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,electrical,chemical,mechanical,optical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermission ofthecopyrightowner.EnquiriesshouldbeaddressedtothePublishers. ACIPcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:9781849083133 e-bookISBN: EditorialbyIliosPublishingLtd,Oxford,UK(www.iliospublishing.com) Pagelayoutby:TheBlackSpot Indexby????????? Typesetin??? MapsbyBounford.com 3Dbird’s-eyeviewbyTheBlackSpot BattlesceneillustrationsbyPeterDennis Originatedby????????? PrintedinChinathrough??????????? 111213141510987654321 ARTIST’S NOTE Readersmaycaretonotethattheoriginalpaintingsfromwhichthecolour platesinthisbookwerepreparedareavailableforprivatesale.The Publishersretainallreproductioncopyrightwhatsoever.Allenquiries shouldbeaddressedto: PeterDennis,Fieldhead,ThePark,Mansfield,NOTTS,NG182AT,UK ThePublishersregretthattheycanenterintonocorrespondenceuponthis matter. ABBREVIATIONS AE L’Année Épigraphique (Paris,1888sqq.) CIL T.Mommsenetal., Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin,1862sqq.) Fink R.O.Fink, Roman Military Records on Papyrus (NewHaven,1971) Margary I.D.Margary, Roman Roads in Britain (London,1967) ILS H.Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (Berlin,1892–1916) RIB R.S.O.Tomlin, Roman Inscriptions of Britain2 (Stroud,1995) Artillery Cavalry Infantry Key to military symbols Company/Battery Army Division Brigade Regiment Battalion Corps Army Group Key to unit identification Commander Parent unit Unit identifier (+) with added elements (–) less elements