JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN SCIENCE (ISSN 2322-5009) CODEN (USA): JCRSDJ 2014, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp: 838-850 Available at www.jcrs010.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE CHLOROPLAST GENOME STUDY, NEW TOOL IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY; GOSSYPIUM SPP. AS A MODEL CROP Farshid TALAT 1,2* , Kunbo WANG 2 1. West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran 2. Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Anyang 455000, Henan, China * Corresponding authors email: farshid.talat@gmail.com ABSTRACT: This is totally true that if there is one feature that distinguishes plant from animal life on our earth, it is not plants being primarily sessile, as a few animals also share this trait, rather, it is the reliance of plants on solar energy to generate molecules with energy-rich bonds, the fuel that will be used by almost the entire biosphere (including plants themselves) to build other organized molecules and drive the rest of the processes that we know as life. Chloroplasts are the sites of this wonderful process. Chloroplast research have significant advantage of genomics and genome sequencing, and a new picture is emerging of how the chloroplast functions and communicates with other cellular compartments. As a worldǯs leading textile crop and a model system for studies of many biological processes, genomics research of cottons has advanced rapidly in the past few years. Gossypium contains 5 tetraploid (AD1 to AD5, 2n = 4×) and 47 diploid species (designated A through G, plus K, 2n = 2×), but the origin and evolution of allotetraploidGossypium has remained controversial. Key words: cp DNA, Cotton, Genome sequencing, Gossypium INTRODUCTION Questions concerning the evolution of organelles have been a key force driving studies of organelle molecular biology (Daniell et al., 2004b). It is widely accepted that the first plastids originated from an endosymbiotic event between a photosynthetic bacterium (cyanobacteria) and a non-photosynthetic host (Howe et al., 2003). The green lineage among the descendants of this first photosynthetic eukaryote (there was a separate red lineage), eventually colonized the planet outside the oceans, around 450 million years ago (Willis et al., 2002, Lopez-Juez and Pyke 2005). The engulfed cyanobacteria changed in to organelles as chloroplast in which small degrees of genetic autonomy as well as a large degree of biochemistry were retained, but losing some of their original functions (Davis et al., 2008, Lopez- Juez and Pyke 2005). They needed to synthesize and accumulate their required proteins within and in their surrounding cytoplasm, locate them to their correct destination, divide and propagate (Lopez-Juez and Pyke 2005). The ability of chloroplast to accomplish photosynthesis determined the development of plants throughout the land and its need to adapt to environmental signals, such as light or the availability of raw materials (Lopez-Juez and Pyke 2005). The chloroplasts were also developed into a variety of derivatives (Figure 1), including other plastid types including etioplasts, eliaplasts, amyloplasts and proplastids, to carry out essential or specialized functions other than photosynthesis in other cells, (Waters et al., 2004). Chromoplasts are responsible for pigment synthesis and storage. Elaioplasts specialize in the lipids storage and amyloplasts store starch through the polymerization of glucose. Etioplasts are chloroplasts that have not been exposed to light and are usually found in plants grown in the dark. If a plant is kept out of light for several days, its normal chloroplasts will actually convert into etioplasts. Proplastids are the progenitor of all plastid types. Therefore the chloroplasts and its derivatives came under the control of developmental signals and affected the cells harboring them, or become influenced by the same environmental cues, to insure their function remained possible under a variety of conditions (Rodermel 2001, Lopez-Juez and Pyke 2005). Molecular research over the past three decades have revealed many prokaryotic features in the modern-day plant organelles, including some aspects of organelle division, genome organization and coding content, transcription, translation, RNA processing, and protein turn-over (Gray 2004). The confirmation of the basic