ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM Vol. 48, No. 12, December 2003, pp 3487–3496 DOI 10.1002/art.11350 © 2003, American College of Rheumatology Roles of CCR2 and CXCR3 in the T Cell–Mediated Response Occurring During Lupus Flares Zahir Amoura, Christophe Combadiere, Sophie Faure, Christophe Parizot, Makoto Miyara, Darren Raphae ¨l, Pascale Ghillani, Patrice Debre, Jean-Charles Piette, and Guy Gorochov Objective. Infiltrating lymphocytes have been demonstrated to play an important role in the tissue injury that occurs in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Inflammatory chemokines control lymphocyte traffic through their interaction with T cell chemokine receptors. In this study we assessed the expression of chemokine receptors on T cell subsets of patients with active or inactive SLE. Methods. Forty-four SLE patients (40 women and 4 men) were included in the study. The patients were divided according to their SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), which resulted in a group of patients with inactive SLE (n  27) and a group with active SLE (n  17). The control group was composed of 22 healthy blood donors. A disease control group consisted of 18 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Expression of chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CXCR3, CXCR4, and CX3CR1 was assessed on whole blood samples by immunofluorescence analysis. Results. On T lymphocytes, significant differences between the SLE patients and controls were observed only in the expression of CCR2 and CXCR3. On mono- cytes, no significant differences in CCR2 expression were observed between the healthy controls and the SLE patients. The proportion of CD8,CCR2 T cells was significantly lower in the SLE patients compared with the controls (mean  SD 2.3  1.3% and 3.5  3.2% in the active and inactive SLE groups, respectively, versus 21  24% in controls; P < 0.0001 for both). The CD4,CCR2 subset was represented similarly among the controls and patients with inactive SLE (16.7  5.8% and 12.8  8.1%, respectively) but was depleted in patients with active SLE (7.1  4.4%; P < 0.0001 versus controls). The active SLE group expressed significantly lower circulating levels of CD4,CCR2 T cells than did the inactive disease group (P  0.007). A negative correlation was found between the proportion of CD4,CCR2 T cells and the SLEDAI (r 0.43, P  0.005, by Spearman’s correlation). Proportions of CD8,CXCR3 T cells were similar between the SLE groups and the control group (58  22.6% in active SLE, 47.1  20% in inactive SLE, and 59.4  17.3% in controls). The proportion of CXCR3-expressing CD4 T cells was decreased in the active disease group (23.5  3.2% versus 39.9  12.5% in controls; P  0.008) but not in the inactive disease group (34.8  9.5%). A trend toward a significant negative correlation was observed between the decreased proportion of CD4,CXCR3 T cells and the SLEDAI (P  0.08). Following in vitro activation of purified CD4 T cells, only CCR2 was internalized, whereas expression of CXCR3 was re- tained in activated CD4 cells. Conclusion. The numbers of circulating CD4,CXCR3 and CD4,CCR2 T cells are selec- tively decreased during SLE flares. A decrease in the number of circulating CD4 T cells expressing CCR2 and/or CXCR3 could serve as a biomarker of the SLE flare. The human chemokine system involves more than 50 chemokines and 18 chemokine receptors (1). A recent classification distinguished between inflamma- tory (inducible) and homeostatic (constitutive) chemo- kines. Inflammatory chemokines are expressed in in- flamed tissues by resident and infiltrating cells following Zahir Amoura, MD, Christophe Combadiere, PhD, Sophie Faure, PhD, Christophe Parizot, MSc, Makoto Miyara, MD, Darren Raphae ¨l, MSc, Pascale Ghillani, MD, Patrice Debre, MD, Jean- Charles Piette, MD, Guy Gorochov, MD, PhD: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitie ´-Salpe ˆtrie `re, Paris, France. Drs. Amoura and Combadiere contributed equally to this work. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Zahir Amoura, MD, Service de Me ´decine Interne, Ho ˆpital Pitie ´-Salpe ˆtrie `re, 47-83 Boulevard de l’Ho ˆpital, 75013 Paris, France. E-mail: zahir.amoura@psl.ap-hop-paris.fr. Submitted for publication October 29, 2002; accepted in revised form August 20, 2003. 3487