Oil Shale, 2014, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 4–18 ISSN 0208-189X
doi: 10.3176/oil.2014.1.02 © 2014 Estonian Academy Publishers
ESTONIAN GRAPTOLITE ARGILLITES REVISITED:
A FUTURE RESOURCE?
SIGRID HADE
*
, ALVAR SOESOO
Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086
Tallinn, Estonia
Abstract. The occurrence of Cambrian to Ordovician organic-rich black
shale deposits has been known in Baltoscandia, including Estonia, for a long
time. The Estonian graptolite argillite (GA) shows high to very high con-
centrations of U (800 ppm), Mo (1000 ppm), V (1600 ppm), Ni and other
heavy metals, and are rich in N, S and O, unlike normal shale. The present
study provides a new estimate of the total GA tonnage in Estonia, including
estimates for U, Zn and Mo. The total preserved volume of GA is about
31.92 billion m
3
, while about 9.02 billion m
3
has been eroded between the
Estonian mainland and western islands. The total mass of GA is about
67 billion tonnes at a specific gravity of 2.1 g/cm
3
. About 18.93 billion tonnes
of GA has been eroded and re-deposited, including 1.8 million tonnes of U,
22.7 million tonnes of Zn, 6.6 million tonnes of Pb, 4.4 million tonnes of Mo
and 13.3 million tonnes of V. In Estonian GA the total U
3
O
8
reaches
6.7 million tonnes, ZnO 20.6 million tonnes and MoO
3
19.1 million tonnes as
calculated using a cell size of 400 m.
Keywords: graptolite argillite, black shale, metals, resource, Estonia.
1. Introduction
The occurrence of Middle Cambrian to Late Ordovician organic-rich black
shale deposits in an extensive area of Sweden (alum shale [1]), the Oslo
region [2], Bornholm [3], Estonia (known as graptolite argillite, “Dictyo-
nema shale” [4], and kukersite as proper oil shale), Poland [5] and North-
West Russia [6] has been known for a long time.
Alum shale, as well as graptolite argillite, contains remarkably high con-
centrations of trace metals such as U, Mo, V and Ni, but may also be locally
enriched with rare earth elements (REE), Cd, Au, Sb, As, Pt [7]. The beds
have historically been exploited for uranium production in Sweden and
Estonia. Also, a high content of potassium, sulphur and organic matter is
*
Corresponding author: e-mail sigrid.hade@ttu.ee