Research review paper Some like it hot, some like it cold: Temperature dependent biotechnological applications and improvements in extremophilic enzymes Khawar Sohail Siddiqui Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia abstract article info Article history: Received 15 July 2015 Received in revised form 12 November 2015 Accepted 12 November 2015 Available online xxxx Keywords: Psychrophilic Cold-adapted Thermophilic Protein structure, function, stability Computational, genetic and chemical modification Magnetic nanoparticles The full biotechnological exploitation of enzymes is still hampered by their low activity, low stability and high cost. Temperature-dependent catalytic properties of enzymes are a key to efficient and cost-effective translation to com- mercial applications. Organisms adapted to temperature extremes are a rich source of enzymes with broad ranging thermal properties which, if isolated, characterized and their structure–function–stability relationship elucidated, could underpin a variety of technologies. Enzymes from thermally-adapted organisms such as psychrophiles (low-temperature) and thermophiles (high-temperature) are a vast natural resource that is already under scrutiny for their biotechnological potential. However, psychrophilic and thermophilic enzymes show an activity–stability trade-off that necessitates the use of various genetic and chemical modifications to further improve their properties to suit various industrial applications. This review describes in detail the properties and biotechnological applica- tions of both cold-adapted and thermophilic enzymes. Furthermore, the review critically examines ways to im- prove their value for biotechnology, concluding by proposing an integrated approach involving thermally- adapted, genetically and magnetically modified enzymes to make biocatalysis more efficient and cost-effective. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2. Thermally-adapted enzymes and biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2.1. Cold-adapted (psychrophilic) enzymes and their biotechnological applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2.2. Thermophilic enzymes and their biotechnological applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3. Improvements in catalytic properties for biotechnological applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3.1. Genetic modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3.1.1. Directed evolution (DE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3.1.2. Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3.1.3. Genetic modifications based on computational design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3.1.4. Consensus-guided mutagenesis (CGM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3.1.5. Fusion and truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3.2. Chemical modification and immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3.2.1. Chemical modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3.2.2. Magnetic enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4. Conclusion and future perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 Appendix A. Supplementary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 Biotechnology Advances xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Abbreviations: DE, directed evolution; SDM, site-directed mutagenesis; ISM, iterative site-saturation mutagenesis; CM, chemical modification; GM, genetic modification/genetically modified; MNP, magnetic nanoparticles. E-mail addresses: ksiddiqui@kfupm.edu.sa, sohailsiddiqui1995@yahoo.com. JBA-06989; No of Pages 11 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.001 0734-9750/© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biotechnology Advances journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biotechadv Please cite this article as: Siddiqui, K.S., Some like it hot, some like it cold: Temperature dependent biotechnological applications and improvements in extremophilic enzymes, Biotechnol Adv (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.001