Media, War & Conflict
0(0) 1–14
© The Author(s) 2012
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DOI: 10.1177/1750635212469909
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469909MWC 0 0 10.1177/1750635212469909Media, War & ConflictMusa and Ferguson
2012
Corresponding author:
Aliyu O Musa, School of Art and Design, Department of Media, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
Email: ab4417@coventry.ac.uk
Enemy framing and the
politics of reporting religious
conflicts in the Nigerian press
Aliyu O Musa
Coventry University, UK
Neil Ferguson
Liverpool Hope University, UK
Abstract
This article is a two-part exploration of the reporting of sectarian conflicts in Nigerian newspapers.
It seeks to find out how enemy images and stereotypes are created in the journalistic process; how
they shape attitudes, and stoke hatred with the possibility of fuelling/amplifying sectarian violence.
The authors draw examples from conflicts in Northern Nigeria, specifically the November
2008 crisis in the central Nigerian city of Jos. The first part deals with the examination, through
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), of data collected from the Nigerian cities of Jos,
Abuja and Kano. The second part is a study, via Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), of 160 reports
by THISDAY and Daily Trust newspapers during the November 2008 violence. In a bid to correlate
the findings of the main study (IPA), the article applies Teun A van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model
to identify specific use of labels/rhetoric/enemy images, hyperboles, litotes and so on, in the
two newspapers’ reports. The article therefore postulates that Nigerian newspapers use enemy
images and stereotypes to demonise the ‘other’, reshape their readers’ impression of the ‘other’,
reinforce intolerance and, possibly, spread hate and amplify conflicts.
Keywords
conflict reporting, enemy images, media, Nigerian newspapers, politics, stereotyping
Introduction
Hallin and Mancini (2004) assert that no media in any part of the world can be said to be
entirely neutral, while Hackett (2003) argues that newspapers in Nigeria are extremely
Article