280 ɍȾɄ 904.57(510) ǿ.Ǯ. ǸȜȚȖȟȟȎȞȜȐ 1, 2 , Ǯ.Ƕ. ǿȜșȜȐȪȓȐ 1 , Ǻ.Ǯ. ǸȡȒȖțȜȐȎ 2 1 ǶțȟȠȖȠȡȠ ȎȞȣȓȜșȜȑȖȖ Ȗ ȫȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȖ ǿǼ ǾǮǻ 2 ǻȜȐȜȟȖȏȖȞȟȘȖȗ ȑȜȟȡȒȎȞȟȠȐȓțțȩȗ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ E-mail: sergai@mail.ru Ǽǯ ǼǿǼǯdzǻǻǼǿȀȍȃ ǽǼDZǾdzǯǮǹȊǻǼǷ ǮǾȃǶȀdzǸȀȁǾȉ ǸǶȀǮȍ ȋǽǼȃǶ ǸǹǮǿǿǶȅdzǿǸǼDZǼ ǿǾdzDzǻdzǰdzǸǼǰȊȍ (DzǶǻǮǿȀǶȍ ȀǮǻ) * ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ 18 ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ (ɦɚɜɡɨɥɟɟɜ), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ɍɚɧ (618–907). ȼɫɟ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜ. ɒɷɧɶɫɢ, ɄɇɊ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɜɡɨɥɟɣ ɐɡɢɧɥɢɧ, ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ʌɢ ɋɸɚɧɶ (862–888). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ. Ɇɨ- ɝɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɯɨɥɦɚ, ɧɚɞ ɦɨɝɢɥɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɨɤ. 20 ɦ. ɉɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧ ɫɬɟɧɨɣ, ɤ ɸɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɚɥɥɟɹ ɞɭɯɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚɦɢ. Ʉ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɥ ɡɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɩɪɢɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɩɨɞɚɥɟɤɭ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ «ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ», ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ, ɧɟɫɲɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɜɡɨɥɟɟ. ɋɬɟɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɥɢ ɪɨɫɩɢɫɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɝɪɚɛɥɟɧɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɡɭɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɚ: ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɦɟɥɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɢ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɢ ɥɚɦɩɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɛɪɨɧɡɵ, ɧɟɮɪɢɬɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ. ɇɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɭɩɪɹɠɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ: ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɱɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɭɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɹɞɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ Ʉɢɬɚɹ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ, ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ Ɍɚɧ, ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɢ, «ɚɥɥɟɹ ɞɭɯɨɜ». S.A. Komissarov 1, 2 , A.I. Soloviev 1 , M.A. Kudinova 2 1 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS 2 Novosibirsk State University E-mail: sergai@mail.ru THE SPECIAL ASPECTS OF THE BURIAL ARCHITECTURE IN CHINA DURING THE HIGH MIDDLE AGE (TANG DYNASTY) We consider here the main constructive features of 18 burial complexes (mausoleums), belonged to emperors and members of the ruling house of the Tang Dynasty (618–907). All the necropolises are located on the territory of the modern Shaanxi province, PRC. Only the Jinglin mausoleum, where the emperor Li Xuan (862–888) was buried, has been excavated by this moment. Most of the tombs were built in a similar pattern. Grave structures constructed on the southern slope of the hill, barrow with a height of approximately 20 m raised over the grave. The wall surround the complex all round, the roads were cut to the southern gates – the place of so-called “alley of spirits”, formed by stone statues and pillars. Sacrificial hall adjoined the south wall and was off the “lower palace”, where officials served in mausoleum had lived. The paintings covered the walls inside the tombs. Most of necropolises were robbed, however, we have available a large number of items made of glazed ceramics and porcelain: small plastic items, pottery and lamps, as well as artifacts made of iron, bronze, jade, and so on. Materials from the burial complexes of Tang emperors represent the source for the study of Chinese culture, and some aspects of material and spiritual culture of the nomadic populations in Northern Asia. The findings of recent years show that Chinese engineering and technical ideas influenced the formation of a weapon complex and harness, characterizing the nomadic culture. At the same time, there is the opposite impact: the individual elements of the nomadic burial practices were included into traditional Chinese burial custom and became an integral part of it. Keywords: archaeology of China, burial complexes, Middle Ages, Tang dynasty, nomads, “alley of spirits”. *Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɊȽɇɎ № 14-01-00477ɚ.