Trainees’ Experiences With Peers Having Competence Problems:
A National Survey
David S. Shen-Miller
Tennessee State University
Catherine L. Grus
American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
Kristi S. Van Sickle
Florida Institute of Technology
Rebecca Schwartz-Mette
University of Missouri
Evelyn A. Cage
Auburn University
Nancy S. Elman
University of Pittsburgh
Sue C. Jacobs
Oklahoma State University
Nadine J. Kaslow
Emory University
Trainees with problems of professional competence (TPPC) are a significant phenomenon in psychology
education and training. Although most faculty and students are able to identify at least one TPPC over a 5-year
period (Forrest, Elman, Gizara, & Vacha-Haase, 1999), investigations have typically focused on trainers;
trainees’ perspectives are relatively unexplored. We used survey research to assess perspectives on TPPC from
321 trainees in counseling, clinical, school, and combined psychology programs from masters’ through
predoctoral internship training levels. Questions targeted (a) training on TPPC and awareness of program
policies, (b) general beliefs about faculty/supervisor/peer awareness and action related to TPPC, (c) specific
experience with TPPC, (d) characteristics of the experience with a TPPC, (e) impact of program dynamics, (f)
faculty/supervisor/peer actions with specific TPPC instances, (g) making a decision to take action, (h) personal
and systemic impact of taking action, and (i) not taking action. Results revealed that 44% of students were
aware of a TPPC. Participants were confident that trainers were aware of TPPC, yet less certain that trainers
would address TPPC. Similarly, participants held more confidence that their peers were aware of TPPC than
they were that peers would take action. Although more than half of participants reported taking action, a
majority did not draw on their training when doing so. Common action strategies included consulting with
DAVID S. SHEN-MILLER is an assistant professor of counseling psychol-
ogy at Tennessee State University. He received his doctorate in counseling
psychology from the University of Oregon in 2008. His research interests
include professional competence issues in training, the psychology of men
and masculinity, ecological approaches to supervision and training, and
qualitative research methods.
CATHERINE L. GRUS, PhD is the Deputy Executive Director, Education at
the American Psychological Association (APA). Dr. Grus received her
PhD in clinical psychology from Nova University. At APA, Dr. Grus
works to advance policies and practices that promote quality education and
training in psychology.
KRISTI S. VAN SICKLE received her PsyD in Clinical Psychology from
Florida Institute of Technology in 2006 and is currently an Assistant
Professor in Florida Institute of Technology’s School of Psychology. Her
primary research interests include professional competence, community
health, and integrated primary care.
REBECCA SCHWARTZ-METTE (MA Clinical Psychology) is a doctoral
candidate in Clinical and Developmental psychology at the University of
Missouri. Her research interests focus on the interpersonal context of
adolescent internalizing symptoms and on ethical and training issues in
psychology.
EVELYN A. CAGE is a Doctoral Candidate in Counseling Psychology at
Auburn University. After graduating with a BA in Psychology from Emory
University in 2006, Evelyn pursued graduate training and has plans to
receive her degree in 2013. Her research interests include training and
development, multicultural counseling, and disordered eating in African-
American women.
NANCY S. ELMAN received her PhD from the University of Pittsburgh
where she also served for nearly 20 years as training coordinator for the
doctoral program in Counseling Psychology. She has served as Chair of the
Advisory Committee on Colleague Assistance (Board of Professional
Affairs) and the Commission on Accreditation of the American Psycho-
logical Association. Her research focuses on psychologists and trainees
with professional competence problems.
SUE C. JACOBS earned her PhD from the University of Southern
Mississippi in Counseling Psychology in 1989. She is currently the
Ledbetter Lemon Endowed Diversity Professor in Counseling Psychol-
ogy, Oklahoma State University. Her interests include issues in ethics
and training, difficult dialogues, aging, health social justice, mindful-
ness, and anger.
NADINE J. KASLOW, Professor, Vice Chair, and Chief Psychologist
(Grady) at Emory School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, received her PhD in Clinical Psychology from the
University of Houston. Her research is on suicide and mood disorders;
family violence; couples and family psychology; and competency-based
psychology education, training, and credentialing.
CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING THIS ARTICLE should be addressed to
David S. Shen-Miller, PhD, Tennessee State University, Psychology
Department, 311 Clay Hall, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN
37209. E-mail: dmiller20@tnstate.edu
Training and Education in Professional Psychology © 2011 American Psychological Association
2011, Vol. 5, No. 2, 112–121 1931-3918/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0023824
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