Typology and indicators of ecosystem services for marine spatial planning and management Anne Böhnke-Henrichs a, * , Corinne Baulcomb b , Rebecca Koss c , S. Salman Hussain b , Rudolf S. de Groot a a Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AAWageningen, The Netherlands b Sustainable Ecosystems, SRUC (Scotland’s Rural College), Research Division, Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK c School of Environmental Science, University of Liverpool, Nicholson Building, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK article info Article history: Received 19 October 2012 Received in revised form 19 June 2013 Accepted 10 August 2013 Available online Keywords: Ecosystem approach Ecosystem-based management Marine ecosystem services typology Indicators Marine Strategy Framework Directive Marine spatial planning abstract The ecosystem services concept provides both an analytical and communicative tool to identify and quantify the link between human welfare and the environment, and thus to evaluate the ramifications of management interventions. Marine spatial planning (MSP) and Ecosystem-based Management (EBM) are a form of management intervention that has become increasingly popular and important globally. The ecosystem service concept is rarely applied in marine planning and management to date which we argue is due to the lack of a well-structured, systematic classification and assessment of marine ecosystem services. In this paper we not only develop such a typology but also provide guidance to select appro- priate indicators for all relevant ecosystem services. We apply this marine-specific ecosystem service typology to MSP and EBM. We thus provide not only a novel theoretical construct but also show how the ecosystem services concept can be used in marine planning and management. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The increasing human pressure on marine resources, and the failure to date of single-sector marine policies to achieve sustain- able resource use, has resulted in recent policy shifts towards the adoption of ecosystem-based management (EBM). This adoption of EBM intends to facilitate protection, recovery, and sustainable use of marine environments (Directive, 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, The White House Council on Environmental Quality, 2010; The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 2010). Worldwide, EBM examples can be found. Australia, for instance, has focused on multiple use management since 1997 (Sainsbury et al., 1997) and, as of 2006, created a revised National Oceans Act and Policy to implement EBM for protection and sustainable development of Australia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (ACF and NELA, 2006). Similarly, Canada adopted EBM and has developed a suite of objectives and indicators to meet the princi- ples of sustainable development and integrated management of ocean resources (Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, 2001). Likewise, the USA adopted the National Oceans Policy in 2010, which emphasizes the EBM approach in its coastal and marine zones (The White House Council on Environmental Quality, 2010; The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 2010). The European Union (EU) has also developed a comprehensive Maritime Policy, which includes the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (Directive, 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2008) and the recently proposed Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (pMSPD) (European Commission, 2013). This Maritime Policy adopts EBM to support environmentally and socially sustainable development, in addition to improving the quality of Europe’s regional sea (Directive, 2000/ 60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, European Commission, 2006, 2007; Directive, 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council). Moreover, the co-existence of conflicting marine sector activities must be facilitated (European Commission, 2013). Both MSFD and pMSPD explicitly link marine Abbreviations: EEZ, Exclusive Economic Zone; ES, ecosystem service; EBM, ecosystem-based management; GES, good environmental status; MSFD, marine strategy framework directive; MSP, marine spatial planning; pMSPD, proposed Marine Spatial Planning Directive; TEEB, the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ31 317 484812; fax: þ31 317 419000. E-mail address: anne.boehnke-henrichs@wur.nl (A. Böhnke-Henrichs). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Environmental Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jenvman 0301-4797/$ e see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.027 Journal of Environmental Management 130 (2013) 135e145