1 The Landscape of Bangkok’s Agricultural Fringe and City Region Sustainability: An Ecological and Cultural Co-Evolution. Danai Thaitakoo 1) and Brian McGrath 2) 1) Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand. e-mail: danait@yahoo.com 2) Parsons the New School for Design, 25 East 13 th St., New York, NY, U.S.A. e-mail: mcgrath@newschool.edu Abstract The urban hydro-agricultural complex of the Chao Phraya River Delta was radically transformed as a result of Bangkok's rapid and expansive urbanization over the last fifty years. While the delta and the city are now in conflict, they were once entangled in a highly resilient absorbent agricultural matrix in concert with climatic cycles of monsoon and dry seasons. Urban planning and design education and research can begin to address the pressing need of adaptation to urbanization in this mega-city through a careful reexamination of the evidence of the resilient performative capacity of this delta city’s past through systematic archival, remote sensing and field observation. Understanding of historical resilience and adaptation of living with water evident in indigenous and traditional processes are crucial in land and waterscape planning and design for the Chao Phraya delta’s city region future. Keywords: agricultural fringe, agricultural marix, landscape changes, historical resilience and adaptation, idegeneous and traditional processes. 1. Introduction Along the 14 th parallel, day and night oscillate neatly between predictable twelve hour divisions and months pass with little change in temperature barely affected by the earth’s axial tilt. However between May and October, a shift in atmospheric currents brings monsoon rains from the Indonesian archipelago north to the mountain ranges ringing northern Thailand whose runoff feeds the Mae Nam Chao Phraya River Basin and Bangkok sprawling across its flat, silted tidal delta. Seasonal cycles of precipitation rather than temperature extremes of winter and summer bring rhythm to life just above the equator, putting into motion human cycles of planting, harvest and migration, as well as shaping Thai beliefs and rituals. Figure 1: The watery Chao Phraya Delta with Bangkok sprawling into rice fields to the east and fruit orchards on the west bank.