15 ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɇɗɉɚ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ © ɍɪɹɞɨɜɚ Ⱥ. ȼ., 2012 ɍȾɄ 94 (47+57)«19» ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ- ɜɢɧɟ 1920-ɯ ɝɝ ., ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ . Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ . Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ : ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ; ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɟ; ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɋɋɋɊ; ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ- ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. The article deals with the perception of Russian emigration of Soviet economic policy in the first half of 1920-th, particularly in the areas of industry and the reaction of emigrants on the concrete steps of the USSR in this field. The aim of article is investigation different points of view among the Russian Diaspora on the problem of Soviet economic policy. The identification of evolution of emigrant’s views towards the Soviet economic policy, change of methods and means of its influence on economic public opinion became the results of the article. K e y w o r d s : Russian emigration; Russia abroad; Soviet economical policy; soviet industry. Ⱥ. ȼ. ɍɪɹɞɨɜɚ əɪɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ. ɉ. Ƚ . Ⱦɟɦɢɞɨɜɚ E-mail: koukouch@mail.ru ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɇЭɉɚ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ A. V. Uryadova P. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University E-mail: koukouch@mail.ru Soviet industry during period of New Economic Policy: Russian emigration point of view Scientific article ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɠɢɡɧɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ, ɩɪɢ- ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɇɗɉɨɦ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɢ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬ ɋ. ɇ. ɉɪɨɤɨ- ɩɨɜɢɱɚ ɭɞɟɥɹɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɇɗɉɚ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɦɟ- ɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ, ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ, ɞɟɤɥɚɫɫɢ- ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɶ 1926 ɝ . ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ [1]. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ , ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ ɞɟɤɥɚ- ɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɭɯɭɞɲɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɧ ɨɬɜɟɪɧɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɦ- ɦɭɧɢɫɬɨɜ, ɭ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɚɡɵ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɨɪɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ. ɑɥɟɧɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɚ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɨɜɢɱɚ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɤɫɩɪɨɩɪɢɚɰɢɸ ɭ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ ɢ «ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ», ɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɣɤɚ ɞɢɮ- ɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ [2]. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ 8-ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ [3]. Ʉɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɟɩɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ (ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɸɪɢɫɬɵ-ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɵ [4]. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɋ. ɇ. ɉɪɨɤɨɩɨɜɢɱɚ, ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɫɤɨɪɨɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɞɨɦɨɜ [5]. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ Ɍ . Ȼɚɣɱɭɪɨɜɚ [6]. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ