Kazan Federal University, Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies Borissiak Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences Exploration Department of the TatNeft Petroleum Co., Kazan, Russia Geological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute Saratov State University, Russia St. Petersburg State University Institute of Earth Sciences Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee of Russia I.U.G.S. Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy TYPE AND REFERENCE SECTIONS OF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER PERMIAN OF THE VOLGA AND KAMA RIVER REGIONS ɄȺ=Ⱥ1 2015 Editor-in-Chief Danis K. Nurgaliev Edited by Vladimir V. Silantiev Svetlana V. Nikolaeva A FIELD GUIDEBOOK of XVIII International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian AUGUST 16–20, 2015