Book Reviews 669 favoured non-conformists. The author seems to underestimate the obvious attraction for marginal foreignersto become part of the adopted country and its church. When the massive immigration began in the 1680s Charles was favourably disposed, not without an eye on the economic advantages. Xenophobic opposition and professional jealousy (many Huguenotswerehighly skilled craftsmen) increased for sheer numbers and fear of other foreigners, not genuine refugees,infiltrating the country. A parallel between Huguenots persecuted in France and Catholics in England cannot really be drawn: the periods do not altogether coincide, Catholics never had the equivalentof the Edict of Nantes;the brutality of the dragonnader was more than matched by persecution of those of the ‘old faith’, legal and financial harassments, while missionarypriestswereput to death by being hanged drawn and quartered (Document F). James 11, openly Catholic,wanted to ease the fate of his Catholic subjects. The author, as so many others,points to the connection between Revocation and Glorious Revolution. Huguenots readily transferred their allegiance to Williamand fought on his side. Some became double agents in a complex situation.In France, economicdamage has long been overestimated until Scoville’sinvestigaton[W.C. Scoville, The zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedc Persecution of Huguenots and French Economic Development (1680-1729), 19601. Huguenot craftsmen became integrated into the guilds and often took their compatriotsthroughtheirapprenticeship (cf R.D. Gwynn, Huguenot Heritage, 1985). Religious opinions shifted over the years,‘heresies’ emerged, causingscandal as they spread. This either led to belief in magic or to a rejection of Christian belief, a desacralisation of the worldview and preparedfor the Enlightenment, to some extent through Bayle’s influence. The attempt to hold the Huguenot churches together by strict moral disciplinedid not preventtheir gradual disappearance, as the community became integrated into the Establishment. LeRoy Ladurie’s preface of the French edition is transferred to an Afterword, underlining the long period of intolerance in Europe from 1492 to the end of the seventeenth century, as he contrasts ‘Glorious Revolution Shameful Revocation’. This scholarlyinvestigation of the fate of Huguenots over a century and a halfpresents English history from an interesting, if narrow angle, to some extent an outside view. It covers ground not usually to be found in general histories. Oxford Elfrieda Dubois History as a Visual Art in the Twelfth-century Renaissance, Karl F. Morrison (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), xxviii + 262 pp., $35.00. In his latest investigation of medieval hermeneutics, Karl F. Morrison addresses the issuesof alienation and (mis)understanding that beset the modern reader of historical works producedduringthe so-calledtwelfth-century renaissance. His central argument is that these feelings of disconnectionare triggered by the grounding of such texts in a creative mould that conceivedand perceived historyas a work of visual art. Our modern distaste for the discontinuities, endless meandering and blatant distortionsdisplayedby these texts may prevent us from categorisingthem as history at all. But, Morrison explains, there is more than mere disaffection at work: these writings evade modern