This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 1 TGF-beta signalling is increased in rheumatoid synovium but TGF-beta blockade does not modify experimental arthritis 1 Elena Gonzalo-Gil 1 , Gabriel Criado 1 , Begoña Santiago 1 , Javier Dotor 2 , José L Pablos 1,3 , María Galindo 1,3 * (1) Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, “i+12”, Madrid, Spain. (2) DIGNA Biotech, Pamplona, Spain. (3) Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. * Corresponding author: María Galindo; e-mail: mgalindo@h12o.es Servicio de Reumatología. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Avenida de Córdoba sn. 28041 Madrid. Spain. Telephone number: +34913908767/8766. Fax: +34913908544. Short title: TGF-beta in collagen-induced arthritis Keywords: Transforming growth factor- beta (TGF-β), rheumatoid arthritis, collagen- induced arthritis, Th17, Treg. Abbreviations: RA: rheumatoid arthritis; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor- beta; SCW: streptococcal cell wall; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis; CAIA: collagen antibody-induced arthritis; CII: type-II collagen; OA: osteoarthritis; IHQ: immunohistochemical; anti-p-Smad-2/3: anti-phospho-Smad-2/3; CFA: Complete Freund´s Adjuvant; ILN: inguinal lymph nodes; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; cDNA: complementary DNA; TGF-βRII: TGF-β receptor type II; EAE: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/cei.12179 Accepted Article