ABSTRACT
This paper reports the results of experimental tests performed
at ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies,
Environment and Sustainable Development) in its “Casaccia”
Energy Research Center to evaluate the energetic and
environmental performances of a Heavy-Duty Compressed
Natural Gas (HD CNG) engine fuelled with a hydrogen-
methane blend of 15% in volume. A lean burn Mercedes 906
LAG engine has been optimized properly calibrating ECU
engine maps regarding both ignition advance and air to fuel
ratio (AFR). It was therefore possible to correct ignition
advance to take into account the faster combustion speed
given by the hydrogen content of the fuel mixture.
Equivalence ratio (Lambda) has instead been modified in
order to minimize the NO
x
emissions. All the tests were
performed on a steady engine test-bed focusing the attention
on the most important parts of the engine maps. The target of
the activity was the reduction of energy consumption and
CO
2
emissions, still catching targets on pollutant emissions to
getting the homologation of the engine in the same
environmental category of the original one.
Experimental results showed a reduction of CO
2
variable
with the ignition advance: decreasing the ignition advance
timing the advantages are reduced. A reduction of CO
2
of
about 9% can be observed, for the same overall levels of
pollutant emissions.
After the calibration procedure the engine has been object of
formal EU homologation and is running on a city bus since
the start of 2013. Results about the on-road experimental
campaign (which will last 150.000 km) will be published in
future.
INTRODUCTION
Among the strategies put in place to contain the environment
impact of human society, the most interesting are those aimed
at improving urban mobility : both acting on transportation
aspects (traffic flows and transport modes), and on vehicle
side (reduction of vehicles specific emissions).
In Italy, in particular, the transport sector suffers from several
criticalities. Among them, the high rate of motorization (the
highest in Europe: 0.59 vehicles per capita) shows a clear
polarization on the use of private vehicles (82% of terrestrial
movements). Public transport certainly suffers the
consequences of widespread car ownership offering a service
which is normally not in line with users' demands, not
promoting measures such as modal shift and others.
This continuous effort to reduce emissions harmful to human
health is combined with the need to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, to achieve the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol.
Also at this regard, Italian situation appear disappointing, as
stated by ISPRA [ 1] (Italian Institute for Environmental
Protection and Research): “Total greenhouse gas emissions,
in CO2 equivalent, excluding emissions and removals of CO2
from land use, land use change and forestry, decreased by
Hydrogen-CNG Blends as Fuel in a Turbo-
charged SI Ice: ECU Calibration and Emission
Tests
2013-24-0109
Published
09/08/2013
Carlo Villante
Università degli Studi del Sannio
Giovanni Pede, Antonino Genovese, and Fernando Ortenzi
ENEA
Copyright © 2013 SAE International
doi: 10.4271/2013-24-0109