Abstract – In the research of methods for evaluation
and characterization of therapy ultrasound transducers that
will be used in the hyperthermia applications, the measurement
of some acoustic parameters is specially important. We have
used a modified broadband through-transmission technique
proposed by Ping He [1,3] for measuring acoustic dispersion
and attenuation because it requires a minimum number of
variables to be measured and eliminates the needs for
measuring the speed of sound in the water and the trigger
delays in data sampling. In addition it minimizes the
uncertainty in determining the phase spectra. Unfortunately
we have found some inconvenient aspects of this technique in
our application.
Keywords: Attenuation; Dispersion and Ultrasound.
I. Introduction
An understanding of the interaction of ultrasound with tissue
medium in time and frequency domains and the ability to
determine the waveform change in propagating ultrasound
pulses should be valuable in the design of array transducers
and in quantitative ultrasound characterization of tissue.
Acoustic parameters related to ultrasound attenuation and
dispersion determine material properties, that are of
considerable importance in theoretical acoustics,
nondestructive evaluation, and tissue ultrasonic
characterization. [1-5]
Many media, including soft tissues, have been observed to
have an attenuation function, which increases with
frequency and can be expressed by a power law function:
y
0
) ( (1)
Where:
: is angular frequency
0
: arbitrary real non negative constant
y : arbitrary real non negative constant
: has units of Np/m.[4]
For most materials, the power law exponent y has values
from 0 to 2, with the majority in the 2 1 y range. In
medical ultrasound [15], for tissue absorption, y varies from
1 to 1.7.
When a broadband ultrasound pulse passes through a layer
of medium, the waveform of the pulse changes as a result of
the attenuation and dispersion of the medium.
As a result of it and taking information reported in [1], the
higher frequency components of the pulse are attenuated
more than the lower frequency components. After passing
through the layer, the transmitted pulse is not just a scaled
down version of the incident pulse, but it will have a
different shape. Dispersion refers to the phenomenon that
the phase velocity of a propagating wave also changes with
frequency [2].
Since the magnitude of dispersion for most materials is very
small, often less than 1% within the frequency range from 1
MHz to 10 MHz, minimizing measurement uncertainties is
particularly important in such applications.
Dispersion causes additional changes in the waveform of the
propagating pulse because the wave components with
different frequencies travel at different speeds. [2]
Determination of dispersion using the above transmission
method [1,3] requires the measurements of a reference
velocity (usually the sound velocity in water), the thickness
of the specimen, of the transmission coefficient at the water-
specimen interface and the phase spectra of two transmitted
ultrasound pulses.
The purpose of this paper is to examine and evaluate the
Ping He’s method from analyzing experimental results
obtained in some materials and the possible implementation
of these in a system that is currently in development which
goal is to measure acoustic parameters within a phantom
during ultrasonic hyperthermia treatments.
II. Theory
The most of methods that have been proposed for
determining dispersion from the local attenuation [7-11],
requires the measurement of the sound velocity in water
and the trigger delays of the sampling window to the sample
and the water, and have the disadvantage of the associated
uncertainties by the thickness measurement that limited the
accuracy of the dispersion measurement.
On the other hand, the measurement of attenuation and
dispersion using a broadband, through – transmission
technique has been described by many authors [12-14]. In
these cases the absolute phase velocity of the specimen at a
number of frequencies must be determined; and the
dispersion is then expressed as the change in phase velocity
with frequency.
Experimental Estimation of Acoustic Attenuation and Dispersion
M. Vázquez
1
, L. Leija
1
, A. Vera
1
, A. Ramos
2
, E. Moreno
3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, México D.F., México.
2
Department of Signals, Systems and Ultrasonic Technologies, C.S.I.C, Madrid, Spain.
3
Ultrasonic Center, ICIMAF. Calle 15 No 551 e/C y D Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
Phone (52) 5550613800 Ext. 6212 Fax (52) 5557477080 E-mail: mvazquez@cinvestav.mx
2nd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE) and XI Conference on Electrical Engineering (CIE 2005)
Mexico City, Mexico. September 7-9, 2005
156
IEEE Catalog Number: 05EX1097
ISBN: 0-7803-9230-2
0-7803-9230-2/05/$20.00 ©2005 IEEE.