ISSN 1063-7826, Semiconductors, 2015, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 461–471. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2015.
Original Russian Text © A.V. Sachenko, A.E. Belyaev, N.S. Boltovets, P.N. Brunkov, V.N. Jmerik, S.V. Ivanov, L.M. Kapitanchuk, R.V. Konakova, V.P. Klad’ko, P.N. Romanets,
P.O. Saja, N.V. Safryuk, V.N. Sheremet, 2015, published in Fizika i Tekhnika Poluprovodnikov, 2015, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 472–482.
461
1. INTRODUCTION
In the last few years, indium nitride and alloys on
its basis have been the most actively studied materials
among nitrides of Group-III elements. Interest in
them is due to promising applications in the develop-
ment of some active elements for opto-, spin-, and
microwave electronics [1–4]. The specific feature of
these materials is their epitaxial growth technology.
The point is that there is no substrate material for
them, as well as for other III–N compounds, which
would be suitable for commercial production; there-
fore, InN and alloys on its basis are grown as hetero-
structures with buffer layers. As substrates, Al
2
O
3
,
GaAs, Si, and fianites are used. Due to the mismatch
of the lattice parameters and thermal expansion coef-
ficients of the InN film and substrate (e.g., Al
2
O
3
),
internal mechanical stresses arise in heterostructures,
whose relaxation leads to the generation of disloca-
tions with densities from 10
8
to 3 × 10
11
cm
–2
. This
cannot but affect the parameters of corresponding
devices, first and foremost, the characteristics of
ohmic contacts to them.
Indeed, as shown in [5–7], the contact resistivity ρ
c
of ohmic contacts to semiconductors with high dislo-
cation densities and its temperature dependence ρ
c
(T)
depend heavily on the dislocation density, if the con-
tact-forming metal (alloy) or metal from other contact
metallization layers penetrates into the thin near-con-
tact semiconductor layer via dislocations during
ohmic-contact formation, forming metal shunts in it.
Furthermore, as shown in [8], in layers of InN, due to
its thermodynamic instability and the specificity of
epitaxial growth near the transition to surface enrich-
ment with the metal, the formation of metal In precip-
itates and In accumulation at dislocations is highly
probable. This can also cause the formation of metal
shunts in InN layers.
The dependence ρ
c
(T) at rather high temperatures
can be an increasing dependence. In this case, ρ
c
increases with measurement temperature and, in the
region of operating temperatures, can appreciably
exceed ρ
c
measured at room temperature. Goldberg et
al. (see, e.g., [5]) proposed an explanation of the
increasing dependences ρ
c
(T) by the temperature
dependence of the metal-shunt resistance. However,
the proposed explanation does not describe the depen-
dence ρ
c
(T) in a rather wide range of temperature
measurements. For example, in the region of rather
low temperatures, the dependences ρ
c
(T) are either
decreasing or independent of temperature. The behav-
ior of the experimental dependences ρ
c
(T) in semi-
SEMICONDUCTOR STRUCTURES, LOW-DIMENSIONAL
SYSTEMS, AND QUANTUM PHENOMENA
Temperature Dependences of the Contact Resistivity
in Ohmic Contacts to n
+
-InN
A. V. Sachenko
a
, A. E. Belyaev
a
, N. S. Boltovets
b
, P. N. Brunkov
c, d
, V. N. Jmerik
c
, S. V. Ivanov
c
,
L. M. Kapitanchuk
e
, R. V. Konakova
a
^, V. P. Klad’ko
a
, P. N. Romanets
a
, P. O. Saja
a
,
N. V. Safryuk
a
, and V. N. Sheremet
a
a
Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv, 03028 Ukraine
^e-mail: konakova@isp.kiev.ua
b
“Orion” Research Institute, vul. E. Pottier 8a, Kyiv, 03057 Ukraine
c
Ioffe Physical–Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Politekhnicheskaya 26, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia
d
National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics,
pr. Kronverkskii 49, St. Petersburg, 197101 Russia
e
Paton Electric Welding Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, vul. Bozhenko 11, Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine
Submitted July 31, 2014; accepted for publication September 4, 2014
Abstract—The temperature dependences of the contact resistivity (ρ
c
) of ohmic contacts based on the
Au–Ti–Pd–InN system are measured at an InN doping level of 2 × 10
18
cm
–3
in the temperature range of
4.2–300 K. At temperatures T > 150 K, linearly increasing dependences ρ
c
(T) are obtained. The dependences
are explained within the mechanism of thermionic current flow through metal shunts associated with dislo-
cations. Good agreement between theoretical and experimental dependences is achieved assuming that the
flowing current is limited by the total resistance of the metal shunts, and the density of conductive disloca-
tions is ~5 × 10
9
cm
–2
. Using the X-ray diffraction method, the density of screw and edge dislocations in the
structure under study is measured: their total density exceeds 10
10
cm
–2
.
DOI: 10.1134/S1063782615040193