Received September 28, 2005, and in revised form February 1, 2006. Accepted for publication February 18, 2006. David A. Mott, PhD, is Associate Professor and Hammel/Sanders Chair of Pharmacy Administration, , School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison. William R. Doucette, PhD, is Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Caroline A. Gaither, PhD, FAPhA, is Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. David H. Kreling, PhD, FAPhA, is Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Craig A. Pedersen, PhD, FAPhA, is Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Jon C. Schommer, PhD, is Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Correspondence: David A. Mott, PhD, Sonderegger Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705-2222. Fax: 608-262-5262. E-mail: damott@ pharmacy.wisc.edu This article was published online in advance of print publication as pages e14–e22. See related articles on pages 320, 331, 340, and 348. Disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests in any product or service men- tioned in this article, including grants, employment, gifts, stock holdings, or honoraria. Funding: Provided by the Pharmacy Manpower Project, Inc. Presented, in part, at the American Pharmacists Association Annual Meeting, March 18, 2006, San Francisco, Calif. ABSTRACT Objective: To examine work variables for licensed pharmacists for 1990, 2000, and 2004. Design: Three cross-sectional, descriptive studies. Setting: United States. Participants: Licensed pharmacists: 1,623 in 1990; 2,092 in 2000; and 1,564 in 2004. These numbers of usable responses to the three respective surveys rep- resented 54.0%, 42.7%, and 33.8% of those receiving surveys. Intervention: Mailed survey from the 2004 National Pharmacist Workforce Survey; data from the national studies of the pharmacist workforce conducted in 1990 and 2000. Main Outcome Measures: Characteristics of pharmacists; work setting, work position and age distribution of actively practicing pharmacists. Work sta- tus of licensed pharmacists; proportion actively practicing pharmacy. Proportion of pharmacists working part-time overall and by age group, weekly hours worked by actively practicing pharmacists, and full-time equivalents (FTEs) by age group. Proportion of pharmacists with secondary pharmacy employment; work setting, hours worked, and weeks worked in secondary pharmacy employment. Results: In each year studied, more than 86% of licensed pharmacists were actively practicing pharmacy. In 2004, the largest proportion of actively prac- ticing women pharmacists was between the ages of 31 and 45, and the largest proportion of actively practicing men pharmacists was between the ages of 46 and 60. Across the survey years, the proportion of all actively practicing phar- macists working part-time increased, and the proportion of women working part-time was at least double that of men except in 2004. In 2004, the FTE con- tribution for women was 0.81 and 0.91 for men. Conclusion: The decrease in FTE contributions by all pharmacists and the aging of the male pharmacist population raise concerns about the adequacy of current and future pharmacist supply. As the demand for pharmacists continues to evolve, pharmacy must continue to monitor the pharmacist workforce to show how pharmacists react to changes to better inform projections of the phar- macist workforce. Keywords: Workforce, National Pharmacist Workforce Survey, pharma- cists, gender, work patterns, pharmacy employment. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2006;46:322–330. 322 Journal of the American Pharmacists Association www.japha.org May/June 2006 Vol. 46, No. 3 RESEARCH Pharmacist Participation in the Workforce: 1990, 2000, and 2004 David A. Mott, William R. Doucette, Caroline A. Gaither, David H. Kreling, Craig A. Pedersen, and Jon C. Schommer