FULL PAPER
DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600296
Formation of a Series of [{Methylphenylenebis(terpyridine)}
n
Ru
II
n–1
](n = 2–6)
Oligomers in a Single-Pot Reaction
Tae Joon Cho,
[a]
Charles N. Moorefield,
[c]
Seok-Ho Hwang,
[a]
Pingshan Wang,
[a]
Luis A. Godínez,
[d]
Erika Bustos,
[d]
and George R. Newkome*
[a,b]
Keywords: Bis(terpyridine) / Ruthenium complexes / Metallo-oligomers
A series of oligomeric [{methylphenylenebis(terpyridine)}
n
-
Ru
II
n–1
] complexes, where n = 2–6, possessing metal-free ter-
pyridine end groups was formed and isolated from a single-
pot reaction. These oligo complexes were analyzed by
1
H
NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Macrocyclization
of combinations of these oligomers gave rise to the known
hexagonal metallomacrocycle 7. Cyclic voltammetry (CV)
Introduction
Supramolecular
[1]
self-assembly is based on a combina-
tion of inherent structural information and bonding poten-
tial, such as the ligand juxtaposition within the polytopic
building blocks and H-bonding ability, respectively. Lehn,
[2]
Stang,
[3,4]
Fujita,
[5]
Atwood,
[6]
and many others
[7–13]
have
elegantly demonstrated the resultant structural beauty aris-
ing from the application of such parameters. This has
prompted our investigation of a new series of self-assemb-
ling macrocycles through the use of a terpyridine–metal–
terpyridine connectivity. Terpyridine-based monomers
[14]
have been used in the formation of numerous ordered as-
semblies,
[15]
such as in layered polyelectrolyte films,
[16]
grids,
[17,18]
racks,
[19–21]
Ru
II
-based dendrimers,
[22]
helicating
ligands,
[23]
photoactive molecular-scale wires,
[24,25]
lumines-
cent complexes,
[26–30]
photovoltaic devices,
[31]
conducting
polymers,
[32]
metallocycles,
[33–37]
metallodendritic spi-
ranes,
[38]
fullerene–terpyridine complexes,
[39–41]
and com-
bined biotin–terpyridine systems
[42]
as well as the genera-
tion of novel metallopolymers.
[14,15]
More recently, we reported the creation of a series of
bis(terpyridine) ligands each possessing a 120° bond angle
with respect to the two ligating moieties (1) and their step-
[a] Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron,
Akron, OH 44325-4717, USA
E-mail: newkome@uakron.edu
URL: www.dendrimers.com
[b] Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron,
Akron, OH 44325-4717, USA
[c] Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, The University
of Akron,
Akron, OH 44325-4717, USA
[d] Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electro-
química,
Querétaro, México
Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 4193–4200 © 2006 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 4193
data of these linear oligomers are discussed and compared
to that of the corresponding metallomacrocycle 7. Diffusion
coefficients were obtained by means of the Randles–Sevcik
equation.
(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim,
Germany, 2006)
wise, as well as one-step, assembly to give hexagonal met-
al(II)-based macrocyclic complexes.
[43–45]
The potential to
synthesize such constructs, with little equilibration (i.e.,
metal/ligand exchange) under mild physicochemical condi-
tions, is predicated on the unique strength and stability of
the terpyridine–metal coordination.
[46]
In the stepwise pro-
tocol,
[43–45]
we described the construction of linear bis(ter-
pyridine)Ru
II
complexes, as precursors to the construction
of these hexagons; thus, the realization that these linear
constructs could, in their own right, provide unique build-
ing blocks to afford access to new utilitarian materials has
prompted us to devise conditions which would lead to a
series of metallo-oligomers.
[47,48]
Herein, we report the
formation and characterization of a linear [{methyl-
phenylenebis(terpyridine)}
n
Ru
II
n–1
] oligomeric family pos-
sessing metal-free terpyridine end groups.
Results
In previous reports,
[43–45]
a key target was the prepara-
tion of the bis(Ru
II
) oligomer 5, which was intended for use
in the stepwise construction of the hexagonal macrocycle 9.
During the course of our work, this trimer was obtained as
the dominant product from the reaction of bis(terpyridine)
ligand 1 with the bis(Ru
III
) adduct 2, however, it was later
found that oligomeric side products could be generated as
major components by adjusting the metal stoichiometry;
thus, the metal/bis(terpyridine) ratio could be manipulated
to determine the reaction outcome. Also, the formation of
dimer 4 is not possible when starting with pure bis(Ru
III
)
monomer 2, because there is no literature evidence of metal
(Ru
III
) loss or exchange under typical reaction conditions
to generate [bis(terpyridine)Ru
II
] complexes. Therefore, in