W%o zyxw YXW DCB Chims Dual Citizensh+? The Limits of Postnationalism, the Possibilities of Transnationalism, and the Persistence of Traditionul Ciitizensh+' zyx aZY GF Irene Bloemraad zyxwv KJIHG Universiq of California, Berkeley The dynamics of lobalization, especially international migration, cha develo new models of membership: transnationalism and postnational ism. zyxwvu HGFEDC Alpl three zyxwv HGFED - the traditional, transnational and postnational - explic- itly or implicitly address the controversial to ic of dual citizenship, or cult to adjudicate between these models or to undertake a broad empiri- cal assessment of dual citizenship, either over time or between peo from different countries and socioeconomic backgrounds. This a outlines the testable implications of traditional, transnational and national frameworks and evaluates these hypotheses using a unique sta- tistical data source that asked respondents to report multiple citizenshi , little evidence that immigrants adopt a strict postnational view of citi- zenshi , but they reveal the possibilities of transnationalism and the con- increase in the aggre ate level of reported dual citizenship from 1981 to economically marginalized, are more likely to embrace dual citizen After controlling for individual attributes, important contextual or grou effects nonetheless remain: self-reports of dual citizenship vary signifi- cantly by birthplace and are higher if an immigrant lives in Quebe naturalization levels seem to rise in tandem with reports of dual citizen- ship, this research suggests a certain paradox: while multiple belonging 'This project was funded by the National Science Foundation (SES-0000310), the Weather- head Center for International Affairs, Harvard University and Statistics Canada, D of Housing, Family and Social Statistics. The author would like to thank Alex Aeiniko Camp, Kathleen Coll, Andy Karsh, Ziad Munson, Peggy Levitt, Jeff Reitz, the reviewers of this journal and members of the Harvard Immigration Workshop for comments o drafts. My sincere thanks also to Doug Norris and Jane Badets of Statistics Canada for pro- viding zyxwvu GFEDC access to the Canadian census data. A previous version was presented at the American Sociological Association, Anaheim, CA, August 200 1. lenge traditional B rameworks of citizenship and prompted scholars multiple membership. Lack of statistical data, zyx NM R owever, has made it d i s - the 1981, 1991 and 1996 20% Canadian census samples. The data o zy H 2 er tinue { relevance of traditional frameworks. Over time, we observe a 1996. We also find t a at those with higher human capital, rather than t 0 2004 by the Center for Migration Studies of New York. Ail rights reserved 01 97-91 83/04/3802.0146 IMR Volume 38 Number 2 (Summer 2004):389-426 389