International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 12, December-2014 1186 ISSN 2229-5518 IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org Management of municipal solid waste generated in eight cities of Pakistan Sabiha- Javied1, Faisal Hanan,2, Saira Munawar, Muhammad Qasim, Malik Muhammad Anees, Muhammad Usman Ghani, , Amir Azad, Moeen Khalid, Inam Ullah, Awais Ansar Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Abstract— The management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a major problem in developing countries. Pakistan is also facing the problem of MSW management. The MSW consists of the wastes generated daily by the residential, commercial, and institutional sources. The insufficient collection and improper disposal of MSW can pollute land, air and water and may pose threat to human health and environment.. The management of MSW in eight cities of Pakistan was studied. The characterization of MSW of these cities has been discussed. Furthermore, existing pattern of collection, handling, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW was evaluated for these cities. . The study was finally concluded with fruitful suggestions that will beneficial to encourage researcher and competitive authority to work toward further betterment and contribute to make Pakistan clean. Index Terms— Municipal solid waste; Solid waste characterization; Pakistan; Waste Management ——————————  —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Corresponding author Email: dr.skhurram@uog.edu.pk, 2 Faisalhananbhatti@rocketmail.com he production of MSW started with the beginning of the civilization. In the earliest periods, the MSW could con- veniently but improperly be disposed off in open land spaces. This was due to the fact that a large number of open areas were available due to less population and lack of aware- ness among people about problems caused by improper man- agement of MSW. However, To modify the running headings, select View | Header and Footer. Click inside the text box to type the name of the jour- nal the article is being submitted to and the manuscript identi- fication number. Click the forward arrow in the pop-up tool bar to modify the header or footer on subsequent pages. Nowadays, the phenomenon of global urbanization has caused an increase in the MSW. About 1.3_109 t MSW was generated globally in 1990 (Beede and Bloom, 1995), and the present the annual gen- eration is about 1.6_109 t. In Asia, urban population generate MSW about 706-103t per day and it is predicted to increase to 1.8 _ 106 t till 2025 (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan, 2005). The developing countries neglect the consideration of environmen- tal management during MSW management (Murtaza and Rah- man, 2000). These nations are seriously in trouble nowadays due to improper handling of the MSW (Shimura et al., 2001; Sharholy et al., 2007). The management of MSW, mostly in lower and middle income countries, draws a significant proportion of the Municipal budget. The current practices for the management of MSW cause serious threats to the public health and environment (Bartone, 1999). In various developing countries, the operation and man- agement for the MSW collection services are comparatively unde- veloped. This reflects the lack of information regarding the quanti- ty and types of MSW collected, recovery amount, recycled and reused, and the selection for MSW dumping sites (Beunorestro et al., 2003). An efficient and effective planning for the management of solid waste depends upon the gathering of proper and accurate infor- mation about its generation and compositions. This type of man- agement involves selection and operation equipments for handling and treatment and disposal facilities that will allow for resource recovery and energy generation (Chang and Davila 2008). In most developing countries like Pakistan and India, MSW management generally consist primary and secondary collection, these countries openly dump more than 90% of the collected waste. Only 60% of the generated waste is actually collected in most Pakistan and Indi- an cities. The uncollected waste lies in vacant plots, topographic depressions, along roads, streets and railway lines, drains, open sewers and storm drains within overall urban limits(Adila et al., 2008; Das et al.,2002; Sharholy et al.,2008) Pakistan has population of 160 million, with 65% people living in rural areas and 35% peo- ple living in urban areas. Solid waste generated from urban areas of Pakistan is about at 55,000 tons/day (JICA, 2005). Thus, it is es- timated that, one-third of the total waste remains uncollected even though the municipal bodies allocate 85–90% of their total budget for collection, handling and transportation activities (Sharholy et al., 2008). The major problem for MSW management of Pakistan include shortage of competitive and trained manpower, lack of research and reliable data, poor administrative arrangements, in- adequate regulatory cover, lack of equipments and finance (KOI- CA – World Bank, 2007). Improper collection and insufficient transportation lead to accumulation of MSW at corner and nook. The MSW is departing to critical phase, due to lack of facilities to treat and dispose. Improper disposal cause adverse impact on hu- man health and all the components of environment. (Rathi,2006; Ray et al., 2005; Kansal, 2002; Jha et al., 2003; Kansal et al., 1998; Sharholy et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 1998; Singh and Singh, 1998) 1.2 SOLID WASTE EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH The existence of heavy metals in MSW composts can have an effect on some microbiological characteristics of soil such as the structure of the soil micro biota, which are dependable for the transfor- mations production nutrients existing to plants. The sound effects of MSW dung and mineral-N amendments in a 2-year field test on some physical-chemical property, some enzyme activities and the genetic diversity of cropped plots (sugar beet-wheat rotation) and uncropped plots were examined. (Crecchio, C et al 2001) Solid T IJSER