SHORT COMMUNICATION Solar Cell Eciency Tables (Version 14) Martin A. Green, 1 * Keith Emery, 2 Klaus BuÈcher, 3 David L. King 4 and Sanekazu Igari 5 1 Photovoltaics Special Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia 2 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, USA 3 Fraunhofer-Institut fu Èr Solare Energiesysteme, Oltmannsstrasse 5, D-79100 Freiburg, Germany 4 Division 6224, Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Street, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA 5 Japan Quality Assurance Organization, Solar Techno Center, Solar Cell Test Research Division, HIC Bldg. 2F, 4598 Murakushi-Cho, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizouka-ken, 431-12 Japan Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently con- ®rmed eciencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since January 1999 are brie¯y described. Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. INTRODUCTION S ince January 1993, Progress in Photovoltaics has published six-monthly listings of the highest con®rmed eciencies for a range of photovoltaic cell and module technologies. 1±13 By establishing guidelines for the inclusion of results into these tables, this not only provides an authoritative summary of the current state of the art but also encourages researchers to seek independent con®rmation of results and to report results on a standardized basis. Brie¯y, the main criterion for inclusion of results in these tables is that they be measured at one of the designated test centres previously listed 6,7 under standardized test conditions. A distinction is also made between three dierent cell area measurements: total area, aperture area and designated illumination area. 1,2 `Active area' eciency measurements are not included. (This explains some of the dierence between results reported here and in the literature, for example, with recent tandem amorphous Si cell results). There are also certain minimum values of area encouraged for the dierent cell types, although some discretion is exercised here (0 . 05 cm 2 for a concentrator cell, 0 . 25 cm 2 for a tandem cell, 1 cm 2 for a one-sun cell and 800 cm 2 for a module). NEW RESULTS Highest con®rmed cell results are reported in Tables I±III. Any changes in the tables from those previously published 13 are set in bold type. Table I summarizes the best measurements for cells and sub- modules, Table II shows the best results for modules and Table III shows the best results for concentrator cells and concentrator modules. Table IV contains what might be described as `notable exceptions'. While not conforming to the requirements to be recognized as a class record, the cells and modules in Table IV have notable characteristics that will be of interest to sections of the photovoltaic community. CCC 1062±7995/99/040321±06$17 . 50 Received 20 May 1999 Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Revised 21 May 1999 PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 7, 321±326 (1999) Research *Correspondence to: Martin A. Green, Photovoltaics Special Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. E-mail: m.green@unsw.edu.au