Ultrasound LITERATURE REVIEW The Utility of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Rehabilitation Settings ABSTRACT O ¨ zçakar L, Çarlı AB, Tok F, Tekin L, Akkaya N, Kara M: The utility of musculoskeletal ultrasound in rehabilitation settings. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2013;92:00Y00. Aside from its prompt use in musculoskeletal injuries (sports lesions, degenerative/ inflammatory joint disorders, and peripheral nerve pathologies), ultrasonographic imaging can be used quite conveniently in various types of rehabilitation conditions as well. If used in a rehabilitation setting, ultrasound can significantly contribute to the diagnostic/therapeutic algorithm of rehabilitation patients. Accordingly, in this article, the authors focus on the diagnostic/interventional utility of ultrasound particularly for shoulder problems, overuse injuries of wheelchair users, heterotopic ossification, amputee follow-up, peripheral nerve and botulinum toxin injections, and diaphragm imaging/electromyography. Key Words: Rehabilitation, Ultrasound, Shoulder, Wheelchair, Heterotopic Ossification, Amputation, Peripheral Nerve, Botulinum Toxin, Diaphragm M usculoskeletal ultrasound (US) has already taken its place in the daily practice of physical and rehabilitation physicians because of its several advantages, that is, convenient, inexpensive, does not contain radiation, and provides dynamic assess- ment and guidance during interventions. 1 On the other hand, to the authors’ best notice, it is much more used by physiatrists who are mainly dealing with muscu- loskeletal medicine (sports injuries, degenerative/inflammatory joint disorders, and peripheral nerve pathologies) rather than rehabilitation medicine. 2,3 Accord- ingly, to increase the awareness of relevant physiatrists and/or physicians with regard to the possible role of musculoskeletal US in their clinical practice, in this article, the authors aimed to highlight the potential utility of US in certain clinical scenarios often encountered in rehabilitation settings. HEMIPLEGIC SHOULDER PAIN In patients with hemiplegia, shoulder pain may develop from a variety of factors including shoulder subluxation, spasticity, impingement, soft tissue trauma, rotator cuff tears, adhesive capsulitis, bicipital tendonitis, and shoulder hand syndrome. 4Y10 Shoulder subluxation occurs during the flaccid stage after stroke, and it is among the most common causes of shoulder pain in patients with hemiplegia. 11 In Authors: Levent O ¨ zc ¸akar, MD Alparslan Bayram C ¸ arlı, MD Fatih Tok, MD Levent Tekin, MD Nuray Akkaya, MD Murat Kara, MD Affiliations: From the Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey (LO ¨ ); Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Clinic, Gu ¨ lhane Military Academy Haydarpas ¸a Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (ABC ¸ , LT); Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Clinic, Iskenderun Military Hospital, Iskenderun, Turkey (FT); Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Pamukkale University Medical School, Denizli, Turkey (NA); and Ankara Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (MK). Correspondence: All correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Levent O ¨ zc ¸akar, MD, Hacettepe U ¨ niversitesi Tıp Faku ¨ ltesi Hastaneleri Zemin Kat FTR AD, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey. Disclosures: Financial disclosure statements have been obtained, and no conflicts of interest have been reported by the authors or by any individuals in control of the content of this article. 0894-9115/13/9207-0000/0 American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Copyright * 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182971269 www.ajpmr.com Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Rehabilitation 1 Copyright © 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.