QoS Guarantee in the Erlang Multirate
Loss Model based on Derivatives of
Blocking Probabilities
I. D. Moscholios*, J. S. Vardakas**, M. D. Logothetis** and A. C. Boucouvalas*
*Dept. of Telecommunications Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli 221 00, Greece
**WCL, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece.
E-mail: idm@uop.gr , jvardakas@wcl.ee.upatras.gr , m-logo@wcl.ee.upatras.gr , acb@uop.gr
Abstract - We consider a single-link loss system of
capacity C bandwidth units, accommodating K service-
classes of Poisson traffic with different bandwidth-per-
call requirements. Calls of all service-classes compete for
the available link bandwidth under the bandwidth
reservation (BR) policy. The BR policy is used in
teletraffic engineering in order to achieve call blocking
probability (CBP) equalization among different service
classes. Such a single-link loss system has been
analytically described by the Erlang Multirate Loss
Model under the BR policy (EMLM/BR). In this paper,
we focus on the problem of determining, in an efficient
analytical way, derivatives of blocking probabilities with
respect to offered traffic-load of any service-class under
the BR policy. We further show through an analytical
formula how CBP derivatives can be used to determine
approximate CBP when small variations of offered
traffic-load are considered.
Keywords: loss system; call blocking; derivatives; erlang;
reservation;
I. INTRODUCTION
The existence of service-classes with different
bandwidth per call requirements motivates several
bandwidth sharing policies, at call-level, in order for a
link to offer a certain quality of service (QoS) to each
service-class. The most common policies are the
complete sharing (CS) [1], [3] and the bandwidth
reservation (BR) policy [2]. In the CS policy, calls
with higher bandwidth requirements receive worse
QoS, i.e. call blocking probability (CBP), than calls
with less bandwidth requirements. In the BR policy, a
fraction of the available link bandwidth is reserved to
benefit calls with higher bandwidth requirements and
therefore CBP equalization among calls of different
service-classes can be achieved via a proper selection
of such a fraction.
The basis in the analysis of call blocking behaviour
of a link accommodating K service-classes under the
BR policy is the Erlang Multirate Loss Model
(EMLM/BR) [4]. A call of service-class k (k=1,…,K)
arrives to the system according to a Poisson process
and is accepted only if the sum of its required
bandwidth plus its BR parameter, denoted as t(k), is
less or equal to the available link bandwidth. In that
case the call remains in the system for an
exponentially distributed service time. Otherwise the
call is blocked and lost (no waiting room is assumed).
Note that the BR parameter of a service-class k, t(k),
expresses the bandwidth units (b.u.) reserved to
benefit calls of service-classes other than k. In order
to calculate CBP in the EMLM/BR, Roberts proposed
in [4] an approximate but recursive formula for the
calculation of the link occupancy distribution. The
approximate nature of Roberts’ formula is based on
the fact that the steady state distribution of the
number of calls in the link does not have a product
form solution (PFS) [2].
If the BR parameter of each service-classes k, t(k),
is zero, then the EMLM results and the corresponding
bandwidth allocation policy is the CS policy. In the
EMLM, exploiting the fact that the steady state
distribution of the number of calls in the link has a
PFS [2], an accurate recursive formula (known as
Kaufman-Roberts formula, KR formula) has been
separately proposed by Kaufman [1] and Roberts [3]
which determines the link occupancy distribution and
simplifies the CBP determination. This simplification
resulted in a large amount of extensions of the EMLM
and applications of the KR formula both in wired
(e.g.[5]-[8]) and wireless networks (e.g. [9]-[12]).
In this paper we consider the EMLM/BR and adopt
Roberts’ formula [4] as a springboard to the
calculation of CBP derivatives with respect to offered
traffic-load. The determination of CBP derivatives
with respect to offered traffic-load is significant in
multirate loss systems since it enables the study of the
interaction between different service classes that share
the same system. Having determined the CBP
derivatives with respect to offered traffic-load, we can
approximate CBP for small variations of offered
traffic-load by a formula already proposed for the
EMLM in [13].
The remainder of this paper is as follows: In
section II we review the EMLM/BR. In section III we
propose an algorithm for the calculation of CBP
derivatives (with respect to offered traffic-load) in the
EMLM/BR. In section IV we present a formula that
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822 CSNDSP 2010