Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 67 (2008) 153–171 Meningioma Christine Marosi a,∗ , Marco Hassler a , Karl Roessler a , Michele Reni b , Milena Sant c , Elena Mazza b , Charles Vecht d a University of Vienna, Austria b Medical Oncology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy c Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy d Neurology Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands Accepted 1 January 2008 Contents 1. General information .................................................................................................. 154 1.1. Incidence ...................................................................................................... 154 1.1.1. General data ........................................................................................... 154 1.1.2. Age and gender ........................................................................................ 154 1.2. Aetiological and risk factors ..................................................................................... 154 1.2.1. Deletion in NF2 gene ................................................................................... 154 1.2.2. Ionizing radiation ...................................................................................... 154 1.2.3. Head injury ............................................................................................ 155 1.2.4. Hormonal receptors .................................................................................... 155 1.2.5. Associations with other diseases ......................................................................... 155 1.3. Survival and prognostic factors .................................................................................. 155 2. Pathology and biology ................................................................................................ 156 2.1. Histologic subtypes of meningiomas ............................................................................. 156 2.2. Cytological proliferative potential ................................................................................ 156 3. Diagnosis ............................................................................................................ 157 3.1. Symptoms ..................................................................................................... 157 3.2. Imaging techniques ............................................................................................ 158 4. Staging .............................................................................................................. 158 5. Prognosis ............................................................................................................ 159 6. Treatment ........................................................................................................... 159 6.1. Surgery ....................................................................................................... 159 6.1.1. Preoperative meningioma embolization ................................................................... 160 6.2. Radiotherapy .................................................................................................. 161 6.2.1. Stereotactic radiotherapy ................................................................................ 162 6.3. Medical therapy ................................................................................................ 163 6.3.1. Hormonal therapy ...................................................................................... 164 6.3.2. Chemotherapy ......................................................................................... 164 6.3.3. Antiangiogenic therapy ................................................................................. 165 6.3.4. Other therapeutic approaches ............................................................................ 165 7. Late sequelae ........................................................................................................ 165 7.1. Long-term sequelae ............................................................................................ 165 8. Follow-up ........................................................................................................... 166 References .......................................................................................................... 166 Biographies .......................................................................................................... 170 ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: christine.marosi@meduniwien.ac.at (C. Marosi). 1040-8428/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.01.010