Scientia Horticulturae 190 (2015) 144–148 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Scientia Horticulturae journal h om epa ge: www.elsevier.com/locate/scihorti Determination of mass density module, crush resistance coefﬁcient and cutting efﬁciency of rose (Rosa Damascene Mill) Hekmat Rabbani a,∗ , Negin Sohraby b , Rashid Gholami c , Farzad Jaliliantabar d , Amin Waismorady e a Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery Department, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran b Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery Department, Razi University, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Kermanshah, Iran c Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery Department, Razi University , Kermanshah, Iran d Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery Department, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran e Farm Machinery and Agricultural Mechanization. Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University of Paveh, Paveh, Kermanshah, Iran a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 1 December 2013 Received in revised form 19 January 2015 Accepted 10 February 2015 Keywords: Rose Mass density module Crush resistance coefﬁcient Cutting efﬁciency. a b s t r a c t Having information about ﬂowers’ mechanical properties and behavior is necessary for designing automatic and mechanized farm equipment. The following properties are included in cutting cellular materials: compression, traction, bending, cutting density and friction. In this research horticultural plant, herb pharmaceutical and nutritive Rose was used and for the ﬁrst time crush resistance coefﬁcient, mass density module and cutting efﬁciency of Rose were measured and reported. These properties depend on species, varieties, stem diameter, maturity level, moisture content and cellular structure. In this research the cutting theory and its related equations were used to deter- mine the mass density Module, crush resistance coefﬁcient and cutting efﬁciency of rose, scientiﬁcally called Rosa Damascene Mill, which is a shrub plant belonging to Rosaceae species. Then a completely ran- domized design with factorial experiment was used to investigate the effect of petal size (a parameter that represents the level of ﬂower growth), the blade state (single and double blade), cutting bevel angle and cutting speed on the mentioned properties. The results showed a signiﬁcant relationship between cutting bevel angle and mass density module, crush resistance coefﬁcient and cutting efﬁciency of rose in a level of 5%; as the angle size increased the levels of mass density module, crush resistance coefﬁcient and cutting efﬁciency of rose increased. © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction Rose, scientiﬁcally called Rosa x damascena Mill., is a furry shrub (deciduous) which is one of the most important of the fragrant types of Rosaceae family (Kaul et al., 2009). Its petals contain extractable essence (Tabaei-Aghdaie and Rezaee, 2004). Its essence is the main material for manufacturing cosmetics and perfumes and it is med- ically useful for relaxation and curing depression and anxiety. The solution containing rose essence, water and methanol has Anti- HIV (Human Immunodeﬁciency Virus) effect (Assare et al., 2006). Rose essence, rose water (means Golab in Persian) and dried ﬂower ∗ Correspondence to: Postal code: 6715685438, Mechanics of Agricultural Machinery Department, Agriculture and Natural Resource Campus, Agricul- tural Faculty, Imam Khomeini Highway, Kermanshah, Iran. Tel.: +98 8318331662; fax: +98 8318331662. E-mail addresses: hrabbani47@razi.ac.ir, hrabbani2010@gmail.com, hrabani2000@yahoo.com (H. Rabbani). products are consumed domestically as well as exported to other countries (Assare et al., 2006). In addition, rose petals have the highest essence quality and quantity (high percentage of geraniol and sitrenolol) and lowest wax compounds reducing essence. The rose ﬂower is a branch of a ﬂowering shrub with thorns, cylindrical shape without grooves, with compound leaves and deciduous petioles covered with nodu- lated fuzz. In this research the cutting theory and its related equations were used to determine the mass density module, crush resistance coefﬁcient and cutting efﬁciency of rose proposed by Goryachkin (Bernacki et al., 1972). These coefﬁcients are not reported so far for any crop. Cutting process involves a series of main cuttings, deformations or disruption methods, each one per- formed according to different rules. The metal cutting efﬁciency is directly proportional to the plate cross-sectional area, but in plants due to the ﬁbrous structure, the amount of efﬁciency depends on cutting direction and stem and does not depend on the cross-sectional area. Factors affecting the cutting power and energy can be divided into the following http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.02.009 0304-4238/© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.