Professional Med J 2014;21(5): 1005-1014 www.theprofessional.com TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS 1005 Article Citation: Malik JA, Mumtaz T, Haider SA. Type-2 diabetes mellitus; effectiveness of PAID for screening emotional problems of patients affecting adherence and blood glucose level. Professional Med J 2014;21(5):1005-1014. The Professional Medical Journal www.theprofesional.com TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; EFFECTIVENESS OF PAID FOR SCREENING EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS OF PATIENTS AFFECTING ADHERENCE AND BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL. Jamil A. Malik 1 , Tuba Mumtaz 2 , Samsaam Ali Haider 3 ORIGINAL PROF-2581 ABSTRACT… Objectives: The study is aimed to assess emotional problem of patients with Type- 2 diabetes by translating and validating PAID. Associations between PAID and blood glucose levels, and differences in prevalence of emotional problems across treatment modalities and BMI. Data Sources: Data was collected from various outpatients of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Sample and Procedure: The sample of study comprised of 300 patients with diabetes both male = 135 (45%) and female n=165 (55%). Formal approval was taken from authorities at respective hospitals and after taking informed consent patients were interviewed. Period: Data collection was completed during Feb to April, 2013. Material and Method: Patients were asked to ill in demographic sheet along with Translated PAID scale. Latest blood glucose levels were collected from their medical records whereas BMI was calculated by measuring patients’ weight and height. Results: Results showed that emotional problems as assessed by PAID are positively correlated with blood glucose levels (r=.12 to r=.19, p<.05). Additionally, patients with IV modality of treatment (i.e., taking insulin shots) suffered signiicantly high (MD=4.88, p=.01) from emotional problems and patients with normal BMI and Obese Class-II have are at higher risk of emotional problem. Finally, patients rated serious concerns on diabetes-related issues like lifelong maintenance, future complications, depression and anxiety, and satisfaction with physician. Conclusions: PAID is a very effective instrument in identifying emotional problems of diabetes patients related to adherence and compliance to their treatment regime and hence it shall be used by physicians and health professional in routine practice. Key words: Emotional Problem, Adherence, Blood Glucose Management, Type 2 Diabetes 1. (PhD) Assistant Professor – TTS National Institute of Psychology, Center of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 2. (MPhil) National Institute of Psychology, Center of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 3. (MPhil) National Institute of Psychology, Center of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Correspondence Address: Jamil A. Malik (PhD) Assistant Professor-TTS National Institute of Psychology (Center of Excellence), Room No. 140, Shahadra Road (off Main Murree Road), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ja.malik@yahoo.com Article received on: 11/07/2014 Accepted for publication: 16/08/2014 Received after proof reading: 16/10/2014 INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic diseases where the pancreas does not make suficient insulin or the body does not respond effectively to the insulin produced 1 . For people suffering with diabetes, emotional distress related to illness is a common problem 2 affecting their psychological health which in turn may affect physical health 3 causing hindrance in compliance or adherence 4 to follow their treatment plan. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that there are approximately 7.1 million people with diabetes in Pakistan, standing it seventh worldwide, and with the maximum number of adults with diabetes 1,5 . As far as health is concerned, people are deprived of even basic health facilities 6 . Particularly for diabetic patients our health system lacks to comply with international standards for screening, treatment, care 5,7,8 . With its unending and constant demanding self- care 9 , diabetes is accompanied by frustrations to follow treatment regimen 4 as many patients become overwhelmed or burned out 10,11 . Diabetes is accompanied with other health threat and may consequence in severe long-term complications 8 resulting in a decrease in life expectancy 12 . Many patients become unduly preoccupied or worried by the fear of such complications 9 . Furthermore, in their efforts to adjust their life with diabetes, several patients undergo severe emotional defeats 10 , pushing the people with diabetes to not adhere to their diabetes regimen 7 . It is evident that information on prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus related complications is important for the modiication of policies and practices in diabetic care management to gain better control of type 2