Psychotherapy Research 12(3) 339–354, 2002
© 2002 Society for Psychotherapy Research
CHRONIC PAIN PATIENTS: PATTERNS OF CHANGE
IN INTERPERSONAL PROBLEMS, PAIN INTENSITY,
AND DEPRESSION-ANXIETY
Kirsti Monsen
Jon T. Monsen
University of Oslo
Martin Svartberg
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Odd E. Havik
University of Bergen
This work was supported by Norwegian Research Council, Medicine and Health, Grant 120349, Nor-
wegian Hydro A/S, and Confederation of the Norwegian Business and Industry.
The authors are indebted to Michael Seltzer for helpful advice on data analysis and to Trine Eklund
for administering the collection of follow-up data.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kirsti Monsen, Melkevn.24, 07790,
Oslo, Norway. E-mail: jon.monsen@psykologi.uio.no.
339
Patients with pain disorder were treated using psychotherapy, with a
specific focus on affect experience and interpersonal problems. Using
hierarchical linear modeling, growth curve analyses were performed to
examine the patterns of change in interpersonal problems, pain intensity,
and depression-anxiety according to specific and general change mod-
els. A 3-piece linear model was used to analyze the individual rates of
change during the 1st and 2nd halves of the treatment period and during
follow-up. The mean rates of change were congruent with the specific
change model in that interpersonal problems decreased significantly dur-
ing all 3 phases, whereas pain intensity and depression-anxiety changed
significantly during the 2nd phase only. Correlational analyses of indi-
vidual rates of change indicated that improvement in depression-anxiety
was a strong predictor of subsequent improvement in interpersonal prob-
lems and a lesser degree of pain, supporting the general change model.
The current study is part of a study of chronic pain disorder. Previous articles have
reported the effects of psychotherapy for this group of patients (Monsen & Monsen,
2000), and the relationships among psychological factors, bodily conditions, and pain
intensity have been analyzed and discussed (Monsen & Havik, 2001). In this study,
we explore some questions related to patterns of change in psychotherapy.
In the literature, several models of change processes in psychotherapy have been
described. Kolden (1996) classified these into general change models and specific
change models according to their levels of generalization. At a generic level, we find
models describing change processes that are assumed to be common across differ-
ent theories of psychotherapy. Frank (1973) and Frank and Frank (1991) suggested