Curative control of citrus green mould by imazalil as influenced by infection age, wound size, fruit exposure time, solution pH and fruit brushing after treatment Arno Erasmus a, *, Cheryl L. Lennox b , Ncumisa S. Njombolwana b , Keith Lesar a , Paul H. Fourie a, b a Citrus Research International, Nelspruit, South Africa b Department of Plant Pathology, University Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 30 June 2014 Received in revised form 29 October 2014 Accepted 1 November 2014 Keywords: Citrus green mould Penicillium digitatum Imazalil residue loading Fruit brushing Wounds A B S T R A C T Green mould (Penicillium digitatum) is a major cause of postharvest losses in citrus. Wounds and infection can be inflicted during the harvest process and should be controlled during postharvest stages to prevent decay. Imazalil (IMZ) in the sulphate formulation is currently applied by the majority of South African packhouses through an aqueous dip treatment. In this study the effects of incubation time (infection age), exposure time, solution pH, wounds size and fruit brushing after dip treatments on residue loading and curative green mould control were investigated. Exposure time did not have a significant effect on residue loading on fruit dipped in pH 3 solutions of IMZ (<2.00 mg g 1 ). Increasing the pH to 6 resulted in significantly increased residue loading, which increased with longer exposure time, but mostly to levels below the maximum residue level of 5 mg g 1 after 180 s. Post-dip treatment brushing reduced residue levels obtained in IMZ pH 3 solutions by up to 90% to levels <0.5 mg g 1 ; however, curative control of the IMZ sensitive (S) isolate was mostly unaffected, but with poor sporulation inhibition. At pH 6, post-dip brushing reduced residues to 60%; again curative control of the sensitive isolate was unaffected, but with better sporulation inhibition than the pH 3 treatments. Wounded rind sections loaded higher residue levels compared with intact rind sections, and large wounds loaded higher levels than small wounds (10.19, 9.06 and 7.91 mg g 1 for large, small and no wound, respectively). Curative control of infections originating from large wounds was significantly better than those from small wounds. The ability of IMZ to control sensitive green mould infections declined from 6 and 12 h after inoculation on Clementine mandarin fruit of infections inflicted by small and large wounds, respectively; on navel orange fruit, curative control declined 18 and 36 h after inoculation for the respective wound size treatments. This work shows the importance of timely fungicide treatment after harvest especially on more susceptible citrus types. Results also indicate that excess residues can be stripped from the fruit, retaining residues necessary for curative control in the wound sites. However, reduced residue loading compromised the sporulation inhibition activity of IMZ. ã 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction South Africa is the largest exporter of shipped fresh citrus fruit in the world (Edmonds, 2013). Time from harvest to market can be from 4 weeks up to 8 weeks, which emphasises the need for effective postharvest measures to ensure fruit quality and prevent decay. Green mould caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. is considered to be the main cause of postharvest losses in citrus (Eckert and Eaks, 1989). Wounds (injury) on the citrus rind are the entry portal for P. digitatum to successfully infect (Green, 1932; Nadel-Schiffmann and Littauer, 1956). Deeper injuries (2 mm) will result in more successful infection and cut-like injuries will be more suscepti- ble than punctures (Smoot and Melvin, 1961). During harvest, injuries are more than likely to be inflicted and these increase the risk for infection (Rose et al., 1951). When a wound is inflicted on the rind of a citrus fruit, volatile compounds are * Corresponding author. Present address: Citrus Research International, 2 Baker Street, Nelspruit, South Africa. Tel.: +27 13 7598000; fax: +27 862416697. E-mail address: arno@cri.co.za (A. Erasmus). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2014.11.001 0925-5214/ ã 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. Postharvest Biology and Technology 101 (2015) 26–36 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Postharvest Biology and Technology journal home page: www.elsevier.com/locat e/postharvbio